Optical and Wireless Technologies (eBook)

Conference Committee Members 6
Organizing Committee 6
Preface 9
Acknowledgements 11
Our Reviewers 12
Invited Speakers 15
Contents 19
About the Editors 26
Compact Multi-band Octagonal-Shaped Patch Antenna with a Partial Ground for WLAN/Wi-MAX Applications 28
1 Introduction 28
2 Proposed Antenna’s Structure 29
3 Result and Discussion 30
3.1 Return Loss Characteristics 30
3.2 Gain Characteristics of the Antenna 31
3.3 Radiation Efficiency 31
3.4 E-Plane and H-Plane Radiation Patterns 32
4 Fabricated Antenna 32
5 Conclusion 33
References 35
A Review of Techniques to Design Tunable Antenna Covered with Metamaterial 36
1 Introduction 36
2 Techniques to Miniaturize and to Design Tunable Antenna 37
2.1 Inclusion of Varactor Diode 37
2.2 Monolithic Wall Radome 39
2.3 Effect of Substrate Properties of Metamaterial on Tunability 40
2.4 Electromagnetic Band-Gap Substrates 41
2.5 Antenna with Electrically Large Property 42
3 Conclusion 42
References 46
Long-Range Surface Plasmon Resonance-Induced Tunable Optical Bistability Using Silver Nano-layer at 1550 nm 48
1 Introduction 48
2 Proposed Scheme 49
3 Result and Discussion 53
4 Conclusion 56
References 56
Design of Nine-Shaped MIMO Antenna Using Parasitic Elements to Reduce Mutual Coupling 58
1 Introduction 58
2 Antenna Geometry and Analysis 59
3 Results and Discussion 60
4 Conclusions 62
References 64
Approaches of Gigabit-Class Transmission for VLC with µLED-Based WDM System 65
1 Introduction 65
2 Theoretical Modeling 66
3 Simulation Approach 67
4 Experimental Approach 70
5 Conclusion 73
References 73
Evaluation of Performance of Is-OWC OFDM System with Spatial Diversity 75
1 Introduction 75
2 System Description 76
3 Result 78
4 Conclusion 80
References 81
Lightweight Secure-MQTT for Internet of Things 82
1 Introduction 82
1.1 Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) 83
1.2 PCG-Rand 83
2 Related Work 84
3 Methodology 85
3.1 Key Generation and Distribution Phase 86
3.2 Encryption and Publish Phase 87
3.3 Decryption Phase 87
4 Implementation and Evaluation 87
4.1 Simulation Setup 87
4.2 Performance Analysis 87
4.3 Security Analysis 89
5 Conclusion 90
References 90
Realization of Low-Cost Field-Deployable He–Ne Laser-Based Sensor System to Check the Quality of Food from Adulteration 92
1 Introduction 92
2 Mathematical Theory Related to Absorption, Transmittance, Reflectance 93
3 Proposed Layout and Experimental Setup 94
4 Experimental Arrangements and Observation 94
5 Data Analysis for Adulterated Food 96
6 Conclusion 98
References 98
Experimental Evaluation of Reliable Underwater Optical Communication in the Presence of Turbulence and Blockage 100
1 Introduction 100
2 System Model 101
2.1 Transmitter 102
2.2 Receiver 103
2.3 Underwater Channel 103
3 Experimental Set-Up 104
4 Channel Coding and Receiver Diversity Combining 106
4.1 Channel Coding 106
4.2 Receiver Diversity Combining 106
4.3 Interleaved BCH Code 107
5 Experimental BER Results 107
6 Conclusion 108
References 108
Performance of SM-NSTBC for Correlated HAP Fading Channels with Imperfect-CSI 109
1 Introduction 109
2 System and Channel Model 110
2.1 Signal and Channel Model 110
2.2 Spatial Correlation 111
2.3 STBC-SM 111
2.4 SM-OSTBC 112
3 SM-NSTBC Design 112
4 Simulation Results 114
5 Conclusion 115
References 115
Impact of Core Counts and Layouts on Dispersion Behavior in Homogeneous Multicore Fiber 117
1 Introduction 117
2 Design Parameters and the Schematic Designs of the Homogeneous MCF 119
3 Results and Discussion 121
4 Conclusion 122
References 123
Erbium-Doped Optical Amplifiers—Origin to Latest Trends 124
1 Introductions 124
2 EDFA Configuration 125
3 EDFA: Chronological Development 126
4 Hybrid Amplifier Using EDFA 130
5 Future Scope of Research in EDFA 131
6 Conclusion 132
References 132
An Approach for Reduction of Cross-Talk in Multi-core Optical Fibers 134
1 Introduction 134
2 Design Aspects 135
3 Results and Discussion 136
4 Conclusion 141
References 141
Measurement of Angular Velocity and Tilt Angle of Two-Dimensional Fiber-Optic Gyroscope with Sagnac Effect 142
1 Sagnac Interferometer 142
2 Fiber-Optic Gyroscope 144
3 Result 146
4 Conclusion 148
References 148
A Simple Structural Design for Tuning of Bandgap and Window in 1D Photonic Crystal 149
1 Introduction 149
2 Theoretical Background 151
3 Proposed Structure 151
4 Results 152
5 Conclusion 156
References 157
Traffic Control Enhancement with Video Camera Images Using AI 159
1 Introduction 159
2 Related Work 160
3 Methodology 161
3.1 Background Subtraction 161
3.2 R-CNN, Fast R-CNN, and Faster R-CNN 163
4 Results 164
5 Conclusions 166
References 166
Reconfigurable Slot-Based MIMO Antenna for Cognitive Radio Application 168
1 Introduction 168
2 Details of the Antenna Layout 169
2.1 Detail of the Wideband Sensing Antenna Layout 170
2.2 Detail of the Frequency-Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna Layout 171
3 Simulation Results and Discussion 171
4 Conclusion 173
References 175
Role of Coupling Angle on the Performance of a Ring Resonator–Waveguide Sensor 176
1 Introduction 176
2 Device Structure 177
3 Results and Discussion 177
4 Conclusion 181
References 181
CPW-Fed Triple-Band Circularly Polarized Printed Inverted C-Shaped Monopole Antenna with Closed-Loop and Two Semi-hexagonal Notches on Ground Plane 182
1 Introduction 182
2 Antenna Design 183
3 Result and Discussion 192
4 Conclusion 194
References 196
Security for Mobile System: 5G 197
1 Introduction 197
2 Basic Concepts of Advanced Mobile Generation Architecture 198
2.1 Architecture 198
2.2 Authentication Procedure 199
3 Overview of 5G Architecture 200
4 Vulnerabilities in Preexisting Mobile Generations 202
5 Proposed Methodology 204
6 Results 206
7 Conclusion 206
References 207
Security in Wireless Sensor Network Using IPsec 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Related Work 210
3 IPsec Overview 211
3.1 Architecture Used 211
3.2 IKEv2 Security Association Establishment 212
3.3 IKEv2 Architecture 213
4 Comparison of Security Protocols of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) 214
5 Variation in Protocol 216
6 Results 216
7 Conclusion 216
References 218
Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Multiple Parasitic Patches and Shorting Vias for Bandwidth Enhancement 219
1 Introduction 219
2 Reported Microstrip Patch Antenna with Multiple Parasitic Patches and Shorting Vias for Bandwidth Enhancement 220
3 Analysis of MSA with Multiple Parasitic Patches 221
4 Analysis of MSA with Multiple Parasitic Patches and Shorting Vias 223
5 Conclusions 224
References 225
Multiband Response Investigation for Stub-Loaded Right-Angled Isosceles Triangle Microstrip Antenna 226
1 Introduction 227
2 Stub-Loaded Right-Angled Isosceles Triangle Microstrip Antenna (RAITMSA) for Multiband Response 227
3 Analysis of Stub-Loaded RAITMSA for Multiband Response 228
4 Conclusions 231
References 232
Circularly Polarized Swastik Shape Microstrip Antenna 233
1 Introduction 233
2 Swastik Shape MSA 234
3 Conclusions 238
References 238
Bandwidth Enhancement of E-shape and U-Slot Embedded Microstrip Antenna Using Sectoral Patches 240
1 Introduction 240
2 Wideband Gap-Coupled Tapered Width E-Shape MSAs 241
3 Conclusions 243
References 246
Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi), a New Approach for Internet Inside Running Metro 247
1 Introduction 247
1.1 Related Works 248
1.2 Our Approach and Contribution 248
2 Existing Lighting System 249
3 Dimensions of Metro Saloon 250
4 Installation of LEDs 251
4.1 Total Wattage of Fixture 251
4.2 Lumen Per Fixture 251
4.3 Number of Fixtures 251
5 Illumination Analysis 252
6 Interference Analysis 253
7 Challenges 255
8 Conclusion 256
References 257
Throughput Maximization in High-Speed Train Using Hybrid RF/FSO Communication System 258
1 Introduction 258
2 Network Architecture of High-Speed Train 260
3 System Model for Hybrid RF/FSO System 261
3.1 Power Allocation for the Individual Switching Scheme 261
3.2 Power Allocation for the Integrated FSO/RF Switching Scheme 263
4 Simulation Result 264
4.1 Comparison Between Three Different Schemes for Same Distance 265
4.2 Comparison Between Three Different Schemes for Same Transmitted Power 265
5 Conclusion 265
References 266
A Miniaturized Printed UWB Antenna with Sextuple Stop Bands Based on U-Shaped Slot Resonators and Split Ring Resonators for IoT Applications 268
1 Introduction 269
2 Antenna Design 270
2.1 Design Equations for the U-Shaped Slot Resonator and Ring Resonator 271
2.2 Parametric Study 271
2.3 Experimental Results 272
3 Conclusion 277
References 277
Design of Half Adder Using Electro-Optic Effect in Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 279
1 Introduction 279
2 MZI Schematic and Principle of Operation 280
3 Mathematical Equations of Half Adder Output 281
4 Implementation of Half Adder 282
4.1 Implementation of Half Adder Using MATLAB 282
4.2 Implementation of Half Adder Using BPM 283
5 Study of Different Parameters Influencing the Performance of Half Adder 285
5.1 Impact of Ti Strip Thickness on IL and ER 285
5.2 Impact of Arm Gap on ER 285
6 Conclusion 286
References 286
Dual-Band Plasmonic Filter Using Nanoslit-Loaded Ring Resonator 288
1 Introduction 288
2 Geometry and Design Parameters 289
3 Simulation, Result and Discussion 290
4 Conclusion 292
References 293
Forward Error Correction Codes—Reed–Solomon and LDPC for OFDM Over the Optical Fiber Communication Systems 294
1 Introduction 294
2 Optical OFDM 295
3 Forward Error Correction Codes 296
4 Simulation and Results 296
5 Conclusion 300
References 300
Theoretical Study of Transmission Coefficient and IV Characteristic of Double Barrier GaAs/Ga1?xAlxAs Heterostructure at Different Composition ‘x’ 302
1 Introduction 302
2 Structure Specification 304
3 Results and Discussion 304
3.1 Transmission Coefficient 305
3.2 IV Characteristics 307
4 Conclusion 307
References 309
Polarization Encoded Multi-logic Functions with Direct Detection 311
1 Introduction 311
2 Operating Principle 312
3 Results Analysis 314
4 Conclusions 316
References 316
Parametric Analysis of Optical Microring Resonator 318
1 Introduction 318
2 Mathematical Analysis 319
3 Simulation and Analysis 320
3.1 Parameter Affecting the Resonance 321
4 Conclusion 323
References 326
Asymmetric CPW-Fed Multistubs Loaded Compact Printed Multiband Antenna for Wireless Applications 327
1 Introduction 327
2 Design Procedure, Antenna Configuration, and Analysis 328
3 Conclusion 333
References 333
Nanorod Dimer-Based Optical Fiber Plasmonic Sensor 335
1 Introduction 335
2 Principle of Operation 337
2.1 LSPR in Nanorods 337
3 Results and Discussion 339
4 Conclusion 341
References 341
Optimal Pricing for RAP in Heterogeneous Wireless Railway Networks 343
1 Introduction 343
2 Related Works 344
3 System Model 345
3.1 Service Process and Data Arrival Process 346
4 Queueing Analysis on User Association 346
4.1 Revenue Model 347
4.2 Queuing Analysis When Both I(T) and N(T) Are Known 349
5 Numerical Results 349
6 Conclusion 352
References 352
Novel Design of Compact Half Equilateral Triangular MSAs Gap-coupled with Sectoral Patches 354
1 Introduction 354
2 Wideband HETMSAs Gap-coupled with Sectoral Patches 355
3 Conclusions 357
References 359
Study of Approaches to Implement the Prism-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors 361
1 Introduction 361
2 Approaches for Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors 362
2.1 Prism Coupling Approach 362
2.2 Grating Approach for Light Coupling 363
2.3 Optical Waveguide Light Coupling Approach 364
3 Performance Parameters for SPR Sensor 365
4 Sensing Structure Configurations for SPR Sensor 366
4.1 Prism Coupling-Based SPR Sensors 366
5 Summary 369
References 369
Wideband Designs of Unequal Lengths Slot Cut Microstrip Antennas Backed by Slotted Ground Plane 371
1 Introduction 371
2 RMSA Embedded with Slots Backed by DGS 372
3 Conclusions 375
References 377
Single Feed Corner Trimmed Circularly Polarized Diagonal Patch Antenna 378
1 Introduction 378
2 Antenna Design and Geometry 379
2.1 Compact Linearly Polarized Untrimmed Patch Antenna and Elliptically Polarized 6 mm Trimmed Patch Antenna 379
2.2 Compact Circularly Polarized 12 mm Trimmed Patch Antenna 380
3 Results and Observations 380
3.1 Return Loss and Gain 380
3.2 Axial Ratio and Radiation Pattern 381
3.3 Surface Current Density and Field Patterns 382
4 Conclusions 382
References 382
UWB Antenna for Breast Cancer Detection Using Back Scattering 384
1 Introduction 384
2 Flexible Antenna Design 385
3 Microwave Imaging 386
4 Breast Phantom Model 387
5 Result and Discussion 388
6 Conclusion 389
Reference 391
Implementation of SAC-OCDMA System Using Generalized Codes Over FSO Channel 392
1 Introduction 392
2 Description of the SAC-OCDMA System Using Generalized Codes 393
3 SAC-OCDMA System Implementation Using Generalized Code 394
4 Results and Discussion 395
4.1 Simulation Results and Discussion 395
4.2 Numerical Results and Discussion 395
5 Conclusion 398
References 398
Design and Investigation of Octagonal Patch Antenna Using Artificial Magnetic Conductor for 5G Applications 400
1 Introduction 400
2 Unit Cell AMC Geometry 401
3 Antenna Design Configurations 402
3.1 Basic Octagonal Patch 402
3.2 Different Configurations of Octagonal Patch Antenna with AMC 403
4 Results and Discussion 403
5 Conclusions 406
References 406
Numerical Investigation of T-Shape Waveguide-Based Directional Coupler 408
1 Introduction 408
2 DC Design and Performance Analysis 409
3 Conclusion 413
References 414
Design and Analysis of Slot Coupled Antenna on Different Dielectric Materials 415
1 Introduction 415
2 Design Methodology 416
3 Results and Discussion 417
4 Conclusion 419
References 421
The Effect of Atmosphere on FSO Communication at Two Optical Windows Under Weather Condition of Bhubaneswar City 422
1 Introduction 422
2 Concept and Principle 423
2.1 Choice of Wavelengths for FSO 423
2.2 Visibility Data 424
2.3 Geometric Attenuation 424
2.4 Absorption and Scattering Loss 425
2.5 Atmospheric Attenuation 425
2.6 Link Margin 426
3 Results and Discussion 426
4 Conclusion 429
References 430
Design and Analysis of SRR-Inspired Ultra Wideband Antenna 431
1 Introduction 431
2 Proposed Antenna Configuration 432
3 Result and Discussion 433
3.1 Return Loss Characteristics 433
3.2 Gain of Antenna 433
3.3 Radiation Efficiency 435
3.4 E-Plane and H-Plane Radiation Patterns 435
4 Conclusion 436
References 438
Secrecy Performance Analysis for Multi-hop and Single-Hop Relaying Model 440
1 Introduction 440
2 System Model 441
2.1 DF Protocol 443
2.2 AF Protocol 444
3 Achievable Secrecy Rate 444
3.1 Single-Hop Relay Network 444
3.2 Multi-hop Relay Network 445
4 Performance Analysis 446
5 Conclusion 449
References 450
Investigation of Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Filter Using Defected Ground Structure (DGS) 452
1 Introduction 452
2 Design Specifications/Goals 453
3 Design Configurations of Various DB-DGS 454
4 L-C Equivalent Circuit Modeling of DB-DGS 455
5 Study of Different Parameters of DB-DGS 456
6 Conclusions 457
References 459
Energy-Efficient MAC-ROUTE Cross-layer Optimal Distance Chain Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network 460
1 Introduction 460
2 Literature Survey 461
3 Mathematical Energy Model of Ideal PEGASIS and Intra-Grid PEGASIS 463
4 Energy-Efficient Cross-layer Optimal Distance Chain Protocol (EECLODC) 464
5 Results and Discussion 466
6 Conclusion 467
References 468
Baud Rate-Based Hierarchical Multihop Routing Protocol for WSNs 471
1 Introduction 472
2 Related Work 473
3 Proposed Methodology 474
4 Simulation Result and Analysis 476
5 Conclusion 477
References 478
Performance Analysis of Underwater 2D OCDMA System 479
1 Introduction 479
2 Underwater Wireless Optical Communication OCDMA System 480
3 Channel Modeling 481
4 Performance Analysis 482
5 Results and Discussion 484
6 Conclusion 485
References 486
Next-Generation PON with Enhanced Spectral Efficiency: Analysis and Design 487
1 Introduction 487
2 Modeling and Equation Analysis 489
2.1 Effective Raman Gain 489
2.2 Spectral Efficiency Limit 490
3 Simulation Model of Hybrid WDM-/TDM-PON Architecture 492
4 Results and Discussion 493
5 Conclusion 495
References 496
Comparative Analysis of a Novel Shape Patch Antenna for Wi-Max Band with Genetic Algorithm Optimization 498
1 Introduction 498
2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Design 499
3 Optimization of Patch Antenna 501
4 Double Optimization of Patch Antenna 502
5 Conclusion 504
References 511
Analysis of Transmission Spectra of a Metal–Liquid Crystal–Metal Waveguide Structure with Different Metallic Layers 513
1 Introduction 513
2 2D Structure of M-LC-M Waveguide 515
3 Numerical Analysis 516
4 Result and Discussion 518
5 Conclusion 520
References 520
Studies of Various Artificial Magnetic Conductor for 5G Applications 522
1 Introduction 522
2 Equivalent Circuit of AMC Unit Cell 523
3 Various Types of AMC Unit Cell 525
4 Comparative Results Analysis of Various Unit Cells 526
5 Conclusions 526
References 529
A Triple Band-Reject Frequency Selective Surface with Dodecagon Patch Element 530
1 Introduction 530
2 FSS Design 532
2.1 Design of FSS Unit Cell 532
2.2 Finite Array Design 533
3 Simulation Results and Discussion 534
3.1 Insertion Loss for the Proposed Unit Cell 534
3.2 Surface Current 536
4 Effect of Incidence Angle Variations 536
5 Conclusion 537
References 537
Numerical Investigation of Nonlinear Parameters of Chalcogenide-Based Holey Fiber for Supercontinuum Generation in Mid-infrared Region 539
1 Introduction 540
2 Modeling Linear, Nonlinear Parameters and SC Generation 541
3 Structure Design of the Photonic Crystal Fiber 542
4 Supercontinuum Generation with the As38.8Se61.2 PCF 544
5 Conclusion 545
References 546
Characterization of Crosstalk Under Bending and Twisting Condition in Homogeneous Multicore Fiber 548
1 Introduction 548
2 Crosstalk Estimation 549
2.1 Coupled Mode Theory (CMT) and Coupled Power Theory (CPT) Based Analytical Model for Crosstalk Estimation 549
2.2 Discrete Changes Model Approach for Crosstalk Estimation 550
3 Results and Discussion 552
4 Conclusion 554
References 555
Design and Crosstalk Analysis in Homogeneous Trench-Assisted Multicore Fiber under Single-Mode Condition 556
1 Introduction 556
2 Multicore Fiber Design and Crosstalk Analysis 557
3 Result and Discussion 560
3.1 Crosstalk Versus Bending Radius 560
3.2 Crosstalk Versus Wavelength 561
3.3 Crosstalk Versus Transmission Distance 562
4 Conclusion 563
References 564
A Cavity-Backed Dual-Band SIW Antenna with Enhanced Gain and Harmonic Suppression 566
1 Introduction 566
2 Antenna Design and Working Principle 567
3 Results and Discussion 570
4 Conclusion 571
References 572
Multiband Antenna for Wireless Applications 573
1 Introduction 573
2 Antenna Design 574
2.1 Design A 574
2.2 Design B 576
2.3 Design C 577
3 Fabricated Antenna and Results 582
4 Conclusion 584
References 585
Broadband Circularly Polarized CPW-Fed Inverted-L Grounded Strips and SRR Loaded Square Slot Antenna for Wi-Fi/WiMAX/5G Applications 586
1 Introduction 586
2 Antenna Design and Analysis 587
3 Conclusion 591
References 591
Realization of Inter-satellite Optical Wireless Wavelength Division Multiplexed System with Polarization Interleaving for LEO, MEO, and GEO Satellites 592
1 Introduction 592
1.1 Polarization Interleaving 594
2 Proposed System Design 594
3 Results and Discussion 595
4 Conclusion 596
References 601
M-Way Balanced Tree Data Aggregation Approach for Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks 602
1 Introduction 602
2 Proposed Solution 603
2.1 Problem Statement 603
2.2 Proposed M-Way Tree Data Aggregation Approach 604
3 Cluster Structure in Proposed Approach 606
4 Conclusion and Future Work 607
References 608
Modified Gbest-Guided ABC Algorithm Approach Applied to Various Nonlinear Problems 609
1 Introduction 609
2 Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm 610
2.1 Fundamental ABC Algorithm 610
2.2 Pseudocode for ABC Algorithm 612
3 Modified-GABC Algorithm 612
3.1 Gbest-Guided ABC Algorithm 612
3.2 Gaussian ABC Algorithm 613
3.3 Proposed Modified-GABC Algorithm 613
4 Simulation Results 614
5 Conclusion 616
References 616
An UWB Antenna with Dual Notched Band Characteristics at WLAN Band and X-Band Application 618
1 Introduction 618
2 Antenna Design and Analysis 619
3 Results and Discussions 620
4 Conclusion 621
References 623
Design and Simulink Implementation of Electrical Vehicle Charging Using Wireless Power Transfer Technology 624
1 Introduction 624
2 Derivation of Design Parameters 626
3 Calculation of Design Parameters 629
4 Simulink Implementation of SS-IPT Model 631
5 Conclusion 632
References 633
Hybrid Chaining Security Approach in Cloud Computing 634
1 Introduction 635
2 Motivation 636
3 Related Research Review 636
4 Proposed Work 637
5 Result and Discussion 638
6 Conclusion and Future Work 640
References 640