China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2019 Proceedings (eBook)

Preface 6
Conference Topics 6
Editorial Board 8
Topic: S01: Satellite Navigation Applications 8
Chairman 8
Vice-chairmen 8
Topic: S02: Navigation and Location-Based Service 8
Chairman 8
Vice-chairmen 8
Topic: S03: Satellite Navigation Signal and Signal Processing 9
Chairman 9
Vice-chairmen 9
Topic: S04: Satellite Orbit and System Error Processing 9
Chairman 9
Vice-chairmen 9
Topic: S05: Spatial Frames and Precise Positioning 10
Chairman 10
Vice-chairmen 10
Topic: S06: Time Primary Standard and Precision Time Service 10
Chairman 10
Vice-chairmen 10
Topic: S07: Satellite Navigation Augmentation Technology 10
Chairman 10
Vice-chairmen 11
Topic: S08: Test and Assessment Technology 11
Chairman 11
Vice-chairmen 11
Topic: S09: User Terminal Technology 11
Chairman 11
Vice-chairmen 11
Topic: S10: PNT System and Multi-source Fusion Navigation 12
Chairman 12
Vice-chairmen 12
Topic: S11: Anti-interference and Anti-spoofing Technology 12
Chairman 12
Vice-chairmen 12
Topic: S12: Policies, Regulations, Standards and Intellectual Properties 12
Chairman 12
Vice-chairmen 13
Scientific Committee 13
Chairman 13
Vice-chairmen 13
Executive Chairmen 13
Committee Members 14
Executive Members 16
Organizing Committee 16
Directors 16
Deputy Directors 17
Secretary-General 17
Deputy Secretary-General 17
Committee Members 17
Contents 19
Satellite Navigation Application 24
The Single Point Positioning and Program Application of BDS/GPS/GLONASS Based on HELMERT Variance Component Estimation 25
Abstract 25
1 Introduction 25
2 Time and Space Unification of BDS/GPS/GLONASS Data 26
3 The Single Point Location of BDS/GPS/GLONASSMulti-system Based on Variance Data Fusion 27
4 Program Implementation and Experimental Process 29
4.1 Time System Correction 29
4.2 Calculation of Satellite Coordinates Based on Broadcast Ephemeris 30
4.3 Propagation Error Correction 30
4.4 Coordinate Solution and Accuracy Assessment 30
5 Experimental Examples and Analysis 30
6 Conclusions 34
Acknowledgment 34
References 34
Ground-Based GPS for Soil Moisture Monitoring 36
Abstract 36
1 Introduction 36
2 Principles and Methods 37
2.1 Soil Moisture Inversion Principle 37
2.2 Soil Moisture Inversion Process 38
3 Case Analysis 39
3.1 Data Source 39
3.2 Correlation Coefficient 40
3.3 Linear Model 41
4 Conclusion and Outlook 43
Acknowledgments 43
References 43
BDS-MR for Snow Depth Monitoring in Altai 45
Abstract 45
1 Introduction 45
2 BDS-MR Detection of Snow Depth of the Basic Theory 46
3 Construction of Altai BDS Snow Monitoring Station 49
4 Monitoring and Analysis of BDS-MR Snow Depth by Different Beidou Satellite Types 50
5 Conclusions 51
Acknowledgments 51
References 52
Monitoring the Study of Offshore Sea Level Changes with GPS-MR Technology 53
Abstract 53
1 Introduction 53
2 Basic Theory of Monitoring Tidal Level Changes with GNSS-MR 54
3 Basic Principles for Obtaining Sea Level Change Using GNSS-MR Tidal Level Changes 56
4 Experimental Analysis of GNSS-MR Offshore Sea Level Change 57
4.1 Experimental Data Source 57
4.2 Experimental Analysis of Daily Tide Level Change Using GPS-MR 58
4.3 Experimental Analysis of Mean Sea Level Change Based on GNSS-MR Tidal Level Acquisition Area 58
5 Conclusion 60
Acknowledgments 60
References 60
Retrieval of Precipitable Water Vapor Using GNSS Data Under Conditions Without Collocated Meteorological Observations 62
Abstract 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD), Zenith Hydrostatic Delay (ZHD), Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) and PWV 63
3 Experimental Program and Result Analysis 64
3.1 Experiment Data 64
3.2 Weighted Mean Temperature Fitting 64
3.3 Interpolation of Meteorological Data 67
3.4 Influence of the Number of Stations on the Precision of the Interpolation Result 68
3.5 Influence of the Distance on the Precision of the Interpolation Result 69
3.6 Influence of Different Elevation on the Precision of the Interpolation Result 70
3.7 Influence of Weather Condition of the Interpolation Result 71
4 Conclusions 72
References 72
A Original Observation Data Compression Method for Space-Based GNSS Receiver Based on Sparse Representation 74
Abstract 74
1 Introduction 74
2 Original Measurement Data Compression Algorithm Based on Sparse Representation 75
2.1 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) Coding 75
2.2 Non-learning Sparse Representation Dictionary Construction Method 76
2.3 Adaptive Sparse Representation Dictionary Learning Method 77
2.4 Sparse Coding 77
3 Adaptive Sparse Representation Dictionary Learning Method 78
3.1 Dictionary Learning Method 78
3.2 Sparse Coding 79
3.3 Feasibility Analysis of Data Compression Algorithm 79
4 Precision Orbit Verification 82
5 Summary 83
References 84
Ground-Based GPS Used for Snowfall Weather Monitoring Research 85
Abstract 85
1 Introduction 85
2 Theoretical System of Ground GPS Remote Sensing Rain and Snow Monitoring 87
2.1 Monitoring Principle of GPS Water Vapor in Foundation 87
2.2 The Basic Principle of GPS Remote Sensing for Snow Thickness 88
3 Example Analysis 89
3.1 Data Sources 89
3.2 Results 90
4 Conclusion 92
Acknowledgments 92
References 93
Pseudo-Range Single Point and Differential Positioning Accuracy Test Based on Android Smartphone 94
Abstract 94
1 Introduction 94
2 Obtaining Smartphone GNSS Raw Data 95
3 Obtaining Smartphone GNSS Raw Data 96
4 Raw Data Analysis 97
5 Positioning Test Result 99
5.1 Positioning Model 99
5.2 Single Frequency Differential Positioning 100
5.3 Dual Frequency Single Positioning 101
6 Conclusion and Prospect 102
References 102
Detecting Slow-Slip Events in GNSS Position Time Series Using Relative Strength Index 104
Abstract 104
1 Introduction 104
2 Research Method 107
2.1 Relative Strength Index 107
2.2 Kurtosis 107
2.3 Specific Steps 109
3 Experimental Data 109
4 Experimental Results Analysis 110
5 Conclusion 118
Acknowledgments 118
References 119
Snow Depth Determination Based on GNSS-IR 120
Abstract 120
1 Introduction 120
2 Basic Theory of Snow Depth Detection Based on GNSS-IR 121
3 Experiments and Results 124
4 Discussion 126
References 126
Multi-GNSS Kinematic Relative Positioning of Multiple Base Stations and Its Application in Deformation Monitoring 128
Abstract 128
1 Introduction 128
2 Data Processing Theory 129
2.1 Unification of Space-Time Datum 129
2.2 Helmert Variance Component Estimation 129
2.3 IGG-III Equivalent Weight Function 130
2.4 Flow Chart of Robust Helmert Variance Component Estimation Algorithm 131
3 Case Analysis 131
3.1 Multiple Base Stations Data Fusion 131
3.2 Multi-GNSS Combined Baseline Solution 133
4 Conclusion 134
Acknowledgements 134
References 134
Fusion of Radiosonde and GPS Data for Water Vapor Tomography 136
Abstract 136
1 Introduction 136
2 The Approach of Ground-Based GPS Tomography Water Vapor with Additional Constraints 137
2.1 Observation Equation 138
2.2 Horizontal Constraints 138
2.3 Vertical Constraints 138
3 Fusion of Radiosonde Data and GPS for Water Vapor Tomography 139
4 Tomography Results 139
5 Conclusions 142
References 143
Denoising Analysis of Different Data Domains Based on EEMD for Landslide Monitoring 144
Abstract 144
1 Introduction 144
2 Algorithm Principle 145
2.1 Principles of EMD and EEMD Algorithms 145
2.2 Main Signal Extraction 147
2.3 Denoising Different Data Fields 147
3 Experiment Analysis 148
3.1 Denoising Analysis 148
3.2 Precision Analysis 153
4 Summary 154
Acknowledgements 154
References 154
Applicability Analysis of Klobuchar Model Based on Short-Term Prediction in Different Latitudes 156
Abstract 156
1 Introduction 156
2 The Establishment of Model 157
2.1 Klobuchar Model 157
2.2 ARIMA Model 158
2.3 The Improvement of Klobuchar Model Based on ARIMA Model 158
3 Result of Analysis 159
3.1 The Index of Accuracy Evaluation 159
3.2 The Source of Data 159
3.3 The Analysis of Experiment 159
4 Conclusion 163
Acknowledgements 164
References 164
Research on Satellite Selection Algorithm Based on Delaunay Triangulation Projection 165
Abstract 165
1 Introduction 165
2 Spatial Geometric Accuracy Index:GDOP 166
3 Simulation Experiment 168
3.1 Polyhedron Volume Selection Method Based on Dalaunay Triangulation 168
3.2 Cluster Method for Satellite Selection 170
4 Conclusion 172
Acknowledgment 172
References 172
Establishment of Regional Tropospheric Delay Model in Australia 174
Abstract 174
1 Introduction 174
2 Data Source and Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Tropospheric Delay 175
2.1 Modeling Data and Processing Methods 175
2.2 Spatial-Temporal Variation Characteristics of Tropospheric Delay 176
3 Establishment of A_ZTD Model 177
4 Test and Analysis of Model Accuracy 178
4.1 Internal Accuracy Verification 179
4.2 External Conformity Verification 180
4.2.1 Verify the Accuracy of the Model with CORS_ZTD 180
4.2.2 Verify the Accuracy of the Model with GGOS_ZTD 181
4.2.3 Verify the Accuracy of the Model Using the ZTD Data of the Sounding Station 181
4.3 The Influence of Latitude, Longitude and Elevation on the Model 182
5 Conclusion 183
Acknowledgements 183
References 184
Water Level Measurements Using Multi-station and Dual-System GNSS-MR – A Case of Shuangwangcheng Reservoir 185
Abstract 185
1 Introduction 186
2 Principle of Altitude Difference Inversion of GNSS-MR 187
3 Example Analysis of Monitoring Water Level by GNSS-MR 189
4 Conclusion 194
Acknowledgements 195
References 195
Accuracy Analysis of GPT2/GPT2w Models for SLR-Based Satellite Orbits Validation 196
Abstract 196
1 Introduction 196
2 Global Empirical Meteorological Models 197
2.1 GPT2 Model 197
2.2 GPT2w Model 197
2.3 Comparison of the Empirical Model and Observed Meteorological Data 198
2.4 Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Meteorological Model Residuals 199
2.4.1 Temporal Characteristic Analysis 199
2.4.2 Spatial Characteristics Analysis 200
3 Application of Meteorological Model in SLR 201
3.1 Influence of Pressure and Temperature on SLR 201
3.2 Meteorological Model for SLR Validation of Orbit Products 202
4 Conclusion 204
Acknowledgement 204
References 204
Analysis of the Influence of the Superrefraction Effect on the Earth’s Neutral Atmospheric Parameters Retrieval 206
Abstract 206
1 Introduction 206
2 Superrefraction Effect 207
3 Simulation 208
3.1 Multiple Phase Screens Technique 208
3.2 Case Study 209
4 Statistical Analysis 211
4.1 Superrefraction Influence on Inversion 211
4.2 Superrefraction Strength and Depth 213
5 Conclusions 213
Acknowledgements 214
Refrences 214
Research on Estimation Method of Surface Soil Moisture Content Based on Multi-star Fusion 215
Abstract 215
1 Introduction 215
2 Principle and Method 216
2.1 Principle of Satellite Signal Reflection 216
2.2 Linear Regression Inversion Model of Soil Moisture Based on Multi-satellite Fusion 218
2.3 Multiple Linear Regression Model Estimation Process 218
3 Experimental Analysis 219
4 Conclusion 223
Acknowledgements 224
References 224
Analysis of the Effect of Receiver Type on Accurate GPS Data Processing 225
Abstract 225
1 Introduction 225
2 GPS Data Processing 226
3 Analysis of Baseline Results 227
3.1 NRMS 227
3.2 Baseline Repeatability 228
3.3 Least Square Linear Fitting 230
4 Adjustment and Analysis of Positioning Results 231
5 Conclusion 231
References 232
GNSS Snow Depth Monitoring Using SNR Observations 233
Abstract 233
1 Introduction 233
2 The Principle of Snow Depth Inversion Using GNSS-MR Technology 234
3 Experiment and Analysis 237
4 Conclusion 239
Acknowledgements 240
References 240
Dual-Frequency ISB Estimation and Stability Analysis of BDS/GPS 242
Abstract 242
1 Introduction 242
2 BDS/GPS ISB Calculation Model 243
3 BDS/GPS ISB Analysis 245
3.1 Short-Term BDS/GPS ISB Timing Changes 248
3.2 Long-Term BDS/GPS ISB Timing Changes 250
4 Conclusions 252
Acknowledgments 252
References 253
Impact of Grid Model on Tropospheric Wet Refractivity Tomography in Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques 254
Abstract 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Data and Method 255
2.1 The Impact of Grid Models on Wet Refractivity Tomography in MART 257
3 Conclusion 263
Acknowledgements 263
References 263
Navigation and Location-Based Service 264
A Self-dependent Camera/Map-Aided Smartphone-Based PNS 265
Abstract 265
1 Introduction 265
2 Methodology 267
2.1 Indoor Map Information Acquisition 267
2.2 NHC Based Inertial Navigation System 268
2.3 Map-Aided INS Method Through Map Matching 269
3 Experiments and Solutions 270
References 272
Linearization Error Analysis of Observation Equations in Pseudo Satellite Positioning System 273
Abstract 273
1 Introduction 273
2 Analysis of Linearization Error of Pseudo-satellite Pseudorange Equation 274
2.1 Pseudo-satellite Double-Difference Pseudorange Observation Model 274
2.2 Linearization Error Analysis 275
3 UKF Algorithm 277
4 Experiment and Analysis 279
5 Conclusion 284
Acknowledgments 284
References 284
The Status and Challenges of High Precision Map for Automated Driving 286
Abstract 286
1 Introduction 286
2 Simultaneous Location and Mapping of Mobile Robots 287
3 The Connotation of Automated Driving High Precision Map 288
3.1 The Role of High Precision Maps in Automated Driving 288
3.2 The Difference Between Automated Driving Map and Regular Map 289
3.3 The Morphology of the Automated Driving High Precision Map 290
4 High Precision Map of Surveying and Mapping 291
4.1 Vehicle-Borne Mobile Mapping System 291
4.2 UAV Low-Altitude Photogrammetry 292
4.3 GNSS/IMU Positioning and Orientation Technology 293
4.4 The Quickly Updating of Maps 293
5 Problems with High Precision Map Applications 294
5.1 No Industry Standard Has Yet Been Formed 294
5.2 Expressed Content and Its Accuracy Are Subject to Policy Restrictions 295
6 Conclusion 295
References 295
Validation and Analysis of TPXO over Offshore Areas Using GPS-IR Technology 297
Abstract 297
1 Introduction 297
2 GPS-IR Monitoring Tidal Wave and Tidal Coefficient Extraction Principle 299
3 Data Analysis 300
3.1 Data Sources 300
3.2 Experimental Analysis 301
4 Summary and Outlook 305
Acknowledgments 305
References 305
Evaluation and Improvement of BDS Dynamic Positioning Performance in the Smartphone 307
Abstract 307
1 Introduction 307
2 Data Collection and Quality Assessment 308
2.1 Data Collection Experiment 308
2.2 Satellite Visibility 308
2.3 Signal to Noise Ratio and Satellite Elevation Angle 309
2.4 Pseudorange Observation Noise 309
2.5 Doppler Variation Values and Velocimetry 310
3 Evaluation and Improvement of Positioning Results 311
3.1 Evaluation of Positioning Result 311
3.2 Improved Algorithm for Precise Single Point Positioning 313
4 Summary 314
Acknowledgement 315
References 315
Performance Evaluation of Beidou RDSS Position Service 316
Abstract 316
1 Introduction 316
2 RDSS Position Principle and Evaluation Method 317
2.1 RDSS Position Principle 317
2.2 Accuracy Evaluation Method 318
3 Test Results and Analysis 319
4 Conclusions 323
Acknowledgements 323
References 323
The Effect of DCB Correction on Multi-system Combination Precise Point Positioning 325
Abstract 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Multi-GNSS Joint Single Point Positioning 326
3 DCB Correction 327
4 Single Point Positioning Experiment 329
4.1 SPP Experiment 329
4.2 PPP Experiment 331
5 Conclusion 332
Acknowledgments 333
References 333
Estimation Method for Position and Posture of Mobile Carrier Based on Multiple Laser Trackers 334
Abstract 334
1 Introduction 334
2 Noise Removal Using Adaptive Kalman Filter 335
2.1 Kalman Filtering 335
2.2 Motion Model of the Target 335
2.3 Adaptive Filtering Algorithm Based on “Current” Statistical Model 336
2.4 Computer Simulation 337
3 Location Estimation of Direct Interpolation 340
3.1 Interpolation Method 340
3.1.1 Linear Interpolation 340
3.1.2 Nearest Adjacent Point Interpolation 340
3.1.3 Three Spline Interpolation 340
3.2 Interpolation Calculation 340
4 Calculation of Carrier Posture 342
4.1 Definition of Various Coordinate Systems 342
4.1.1 The System of Laser Tracker Coordinate 342
4.1.2 Measuring Coordinate System of Multiple Instruments 342
4.1.3 The Coordinate System of the Carrier 343
4.2 Calculation of Carrier Position 343
4.3 Calculation of Carrier Posture 343
5 Summary 344
References 345
PDR/GNSS Fusion Algorithm Based on Joint Heading Estimation 346
Abstract 346
1 Introduction 346
2 Pedestrian Dead Reckoning 347
2.1 Step Detection 348
2.2 Stride Length Estimation 348
2.3 Heading Estimation 349
3 PDR/GNSS Fusion Framework 349
3.1 GNSS Heading and Stride Length 349
3.2 Heading and Stride Length Errors of PDR and GNSS 350
3.3 Data Synchronization 351
3.4 Fusion Framework 352
4 Experimental Setup and Results 354
4.1 Experimental Setup 354
4.2 Experimental Results 354
4.2.1 Error Analysis 354
4.2.2 Fusion Results 356
5 Conclusion and Future Work 358
Acknowledgements 358
References 358
Error Compensation Algorithm for Dynamic Model Based on Neural Network 360
Abstract 360
1 Introduction 360
2 Standard Kalman Filter Algorithm 361
3 Error Compensation Algorithms for Dynamic Models Based on Neural Networks 362
3.1 Algorithm Principle 362
3.2 Simulation Analysis 363
4 Measured Data Analysis 365
4.1 Dynamic Sports Car Measured Data Acquisition 365
4.2 Experimental Results and Analysis 367
5 Conclusion 368
References 369
Accuracy Analysis of BDS/GPS Navigation Position and Service Performance Based on Non/Double Differential Mode 370
Abstract 370
1 Introduction 370
2 Non-difference Solution 371
2.1 Data and Processing Strategy 371
2.2 Non-difference PPP Solution 372
2.3 Non-difference Precision Network Solution 373
2.3.1 Double Difference Ambiguity Fixed Technique 373
2.3.2 UPD Ambiguity Fixed Technique 374
3 Double Difference Precision Solution 376
3.1 Comparison of Baseline Solutions 376
3.2 Adjustment Comparison Analysis 377
4 Comparative Analysis of Different Solution Modes 378
5 Conclusion 378
References 379
Trajectory Optimization of LiDAR SLAM Based on Local Pose Graph 380
Abstract 380
1 Introduction 380
2 Pose Estimation Based on LiDAR Odometry 382
3 Omnidirectional Local Map Construction 383
4 Pose Graph Optimization 384
5 Test Verification 385
5.1 Experimental Platform 385
5.2 Experimental Scenarios 386
5.3 Experimental Results and Analysis 387
6 Conclusion 389
Acknowledgement 389
References 389
Analysis of Velocity Estimation Methods Based on BDS PPP 391
Abstract 391
1 Introduction 392
2 Principle and Error Analysis of BDS PPP Velocity Estimation 392
2.1 Principle of Position Differential Velocity Estimation 392
2.2 Principle of Doppler Velocity Estimation 392
2.3 Error Analysis 393
2.3.1 Satellite Position and Velocity Error 393
2.3.2 Receiver Position Error 395
2.3.3 Relativistic Effects 395
3 Analysis of the Experiment and Results 395
3.1 Static Experiment 395
3.2 Dynamic Experiment 397
4 Conclusions 398
References 399
Analysis on Performance of BDS/GPS Fusion Pseudorange Positioning with ISB and Its Influence on DOP 400
Abstract 400
1 Introduction 400
2 BDS/GPS Fusion Pseudorange Positioning with ISB Estimation 401
3 Impact of ISB on DOP Factor 402
4 Calculation and Analysis 404
5 Conclusion 407
Acknowledgement 408
References 408
Study on Search and Rescue System Based on BeiDou Global Navigation Satellites 409
Abstract 409
1 Introduction 409
2 Status of Satellite SAR System 410
2.1 Cospas-Sarsat 410
2.2 Domestic SAR System Development 410
3 BDS SAR System 411
3.1 BDS SAR System Scheme 411
3.1.1 BDS MEOSAR System 412
3.1.2 BDS GMSC SAR System 412
3.2 Comparative Analysis 412
3.3 Characteristics and Development Suggestions of BDS SAR System 413
4 Conclusions 415
References 415
Satellite Navigation Signal and Signal Processing 416
Research on Low-Power Short Burst Signal Synchronization Segment Design Based on MEO Satellites and the Fast Acquisition Algorithm 417
Abstract 417
1 Introduction 418
2 Characteristics of BeiDou Global Message Signal 419
3 Design of Synchronization Segment Length in BeiDou Global Message Signal 420
4 Acquisition Algorithm Optimization 422
5 Test and Verification 426
6 Conclusion 427
References 427
Quality Assessment of Galileo E1A Signal 428
Abstract 428
1 Introduction 428
2 E1A Signal Structure 429
3 The Solution of E1A Signal Spreading Code 430
4 High-Rate BOC Tracking 431
4.1 Bump-Jump Algorithm 432
4.2 Tri-Loop Tracking Algorithm 432
5 Correlation Performance 433
5.1 Correlation Loss 434
5.2 S-Curve Biases 434
6 Results 435
6.1 Tracking Results 435
6.2 Signal Assessment Results 436
7 Conclusion 437
References 438
Analysis of Interaction Between Navigation Payload and Constant Envelope Design of Navigation Signal 439
Abstract 439
1 Introduction 439
2 Signal Model 441
2.1 Signal Model 441
2.2 Signal Evaluation 443
3 Simulation Analysis 444
3.1 Power Spectrum 444
3.2 Peak-to-Average Ratio 445
3.3 Correlation Performance 446
3.4 Performance of Non-constant Envelope Signal 447
4 Conclusions 448
Acknowledgment 448
References 448
Carrier Phase Measurement Technique Based on Non-cooperative GNSS Signals 450
Abstract 450
1 Introduction 451
2 The Method of Signal Acquisition 451
2.1 Mathematical Model and Analysis 452
2.2 Parameters Selection 454
3 Signal Tracking 454
3.1 Mathematical Model of PLL 454
3.2 Parameters Selection of Tracking Loop 455
3.3 The Isolation of the Tracking Loop 457
4 Simulation Verification and Analysis 457
References 459
INS-Assisted GNSS Loop Tracking Hardware Implementation Algorithm Design 460
Abstract 460
1 Introduction 460
2 INS Auxiliary Loop Tracking 461
2.1 Auxiliary Doppler Calculation Principle 462
2.2 Time Synchronization 463
3 Error Analysis 464
3.1 Raw Data Error 464
3.2 Model Extrapolation Error 464
3.2.1 Extrapolation of Satellite Data 465
3.2.2 Receiver Data Recursion 465
3.3 Delay Error 465
4 Simulation Analysis 465
4.1 Error Simulation Analysis 465
4.2 Time Synchronization Simulation 467
4.3 High Dynamic Simulation 468
5 Summary 468
References 469
Algorithm Research on High-Precision Tracking of Beidou-3 B1C Signal 470
Abstract 470
1 Introduction 470
2 B1C Signal Structure and Tracking Model 472
2.1 B1C Signal Structure 472
2.2 B1C Signal Loop Tracking Model 473
3 Two-Component Joint Tracking Algorithm and Performance Analysis 475
3.1 Correlator Output Amplitude Superposition 475
3.2 Discriminator Output Linear Union 476
3.3 Loop Filter Output Linear Union 478
4 Satellite Measured Data Analysis Results 479
5 Conclusion 481
Acknowledgments 482
References 482
Research and Implementation of Acquisition Algorithm Based on Multi-correlator Parallel Frequency Search for Long Code 483
Abstract 483
1 Introduction 483
2 Long Code Acquisition Algorithm Based on Parallel Phase Search 484
2.1 Algorithm Principle 484
2.2 Correlation Method 485
2.3 Simulation Result 486
3 Long Code Acquisition Algorithm Based on Parallel Frequency Search 487
3.1 Algorithm Principle 487
3.2 Performance Analysis 488
3.3 Parallel Correlator 489
3.4 Simulation Result 489
4 Parallel Acquisition Algorithm Comparison 490
5 Hardware Implementation of Acquisition Algorithm 492
5.1 Down Conversion and Extraction 493
5.2 Data Buff 494
5.3 Parallel Correlator and FFT 495
5.4 State Control 496
5.5 Peak Value Detection 497
6 Conclusion 499
References 499
Time Primary Standard and Precision Time Service 500
A New Apparatus with Constant Voltage to Measure the Flux of Atomic Hydrogen Beam in Hydrogen Maser 501
Abstract 501
1 Introduction 501
2 Experimental Set-Up and Theory 502
3 Results and Discussions 506
3.1 The Supply Voltage of Series Circuit {/hbox{V}}_{ 0} 507
3.2 The Flux Voltage Signal ?V1 507
4 Conclusion 510
References 511
Analysis of BDS-2+BDS-3 Combination Real-Time Time Transfer Based on iGMAS Station 512
Abstract 512
1 Introduction 513
2 Mathematical Models 514
3 Data Description and Processing Strategies 515
4 Validation and Analysis 515
4.1 Unfixed Station Coordinates 516
4.2 Fixed Station Coordinates 519
5 Conclusion 523
Acknowledgments 523
References 523
The Engineering Applications of Laser Cooling-Cesium Atomic Fountain Frequency-Standard 525
Abstract 525
1 Introduction 525
2 Cesium Fountain Continuous Automatic Operation Strategy 526
3 Products Cesium Fountain Frequency-Standard Frequency Shift and Uncertainty Evaluation 527
4 Applications of Cesium Atomic Frequency-Standard 528
4.1 The Drift of Atomic Clock 528
4.2 Performance Evaluation of TA(BSNC) 530
4.3 Detection of Frequency Hopping 532
5 Conclusion 533
Acknowledgments 533
References 533
Analysis on BDS Satellite-Induced Multipath and Its Impact on Time Transfer 534
Abstract 534
1 Introduction 534
2 BDS Satellite-Induced Multipath 535
2.1 The Multipath Combination 535
2.2 MEO/IGSO Pseudorange Correction Model 536
3 The Impact of BDS Satellite-Induced Multipath on BDS CV Time Transfer 540
4 The Impact of BDS Satellite-Induced Multipath on BDS PPP Time Transfer 543
5 Conclusion 545
Acknowledgments 545
References 545
Analysis of GNSS Multi-constellation Time Transfer Accuracy 547
Abstract 547
1 Introduction 547
2 Multi-constellation PPP Time Transfer Method 548
3 Time Transfer Accuracy and Frequency Stability Evaluation Method 550
4 Analysis of Experimental Results 551
4.1 Internal Accuracy Results 551
4.2 External Accuracy Results 553
4.3 Stability Analysis 556
5 Conclusion 558
Acknowledgement 559
References 559
Evaluation of High Precision Time Transfer in the Relativity Framework 560
Abstract 560
1 Introduction 560
2 The Time Delays and Frequency Shifts of One-Way Transfer and the Maximum Uncertainty Term 561
3 The Satellite-Ground Time Transfer Links 563
3.1 The Satellite-Ground Two-Way Time Transfer Link 563
3.2 The Satellite-Ground Lambda ( /Lambda ) Configuration Time Transfer Link 566
4 The Ground-Ground Time Transfer Links Transmitted by Satellite 567
4.1 The Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) Link 567
4.2 The Double Lambda Configuration Time Transfer Link 568
5 Conclusions 570
Acknowledgment 570
References 570
A Lamp-Pumped Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard with a Short-Term Stability at the Level of 2 × 10?13??1/2 572
Abstract 572
1 Introduction 572
2 Physics Package 573
2.1 Structure 573
2.2 Rubidium Spectral Lamp 574
2.3 Cavity-Cell Assembly 575
3 Electronic System 576
4 Frequency Stability 577
4.1 Theoretical Limitation of the Physics Package 577
4.2 Experimental Result 578
5 Summary 579
References 579
A Novel Method Based on Kalman Filter for Phase Noise Rejection in Two-Way Optic-Fiber Time Transfer System 580
Abstract 580
1 Introduction 580
2 Algorithm and Principle 581
2.1 Two-Way Optic-Fiber Time Transfer Based on Carrier Phase 581
2.2 Characteristics of Phase Noise in Optic-Fiber Time Transfer 583
2.3 High-Precision Carrier Tracking Model Based on Kalman Filter 585
3 Simulation and Analysis 586
3.1 Phase Noise Simulation 586
3.2 Carrier Tracking Performance of Kalman Filter 587
3.3 Tracking Performance of Kalman Model Optimized by Phase Noise and Thermal Noise 589
4 Conclusion 591
References 592
Analysis of Sagnac Correction for Time Transfer in Optical Fibers 593
Abstract 593
1 Introduction 593
2 Sagnac Correction in the Fiber-Based Time Transfer 594
3 Comparison of Sagnac Correction Methods 595
4 Results and Discussion 597
4.1 Software Validation 598
4.2 Sagnac Correction Analysis of Optical-Fiber Time Transfer 598
5 Conclusion 600
Acknowledgements 600
References 600
Dynamic Simulations of Hydrogen Atoms in Magnetic State Selector of MASER 602
Abstract 602
1 Introduction 602
2 Methods 603
2.1 Introduction of Magnetic State Selector 603
2.2 Dynamic Simulations of Hydrogen Atoms in Magnetic State Selector 604
3 Discussion 606
4 Conclusions 609
References 609
Author Index 610