Fluid Mechanics for Petroleum Engineers

Part 1 Flow properties of fluids: the fluid state; the continuum models of fluids; variables of state; conductivity coefficients. Part 2 Kinematics: Eulerian and Lagrangian description of fluid motion; the velocity field; the acceleration field; motion of an infinitesimal fluid particle; rotational motion, vorticity field; relationships between the acceleration and the vorticity; the transport theorem - the material derivative of a volume integral over a volume of flowing fluid. Part 3 Balance equations: the principle of conservation of mass; the balance of momentum; the balance of angular momentum; the balance of kinetic energy; the principle of conservation of energy; the balance of entropy; mechanical equilibrium of fluids. Part 4 Perfect fluid flow: the perfect fluid; Euler's equation; the Bernoulli equation; simple applications of the Bernoulli equation; the Cauchy-Lagrange integral of Euler's equation; Kelvin's vortex theorem; the law of conservation of energy for perfect fluid flow; the Vazsonyi-Crocco equation; small perturbations at the speed of sound; dynamical similarity of ideal gas flows; critical flow variables; variation in area for isentropic flow; high velocity gas flow in pipes with friction. Part 5 Shock waves in compressible flow: shock surfaces; kinematics of motion of singular surfaces - the speed of displacement; weak singular surfaces in compressible flow; discontinuous balance equations at a shock surface; balance equations at a shock surface; changes in the variables of state across a shock surface; speed of propagation of shock surfaces; the jump in the variables of state as a function of the Mach number; shock surfaces in steady supersonic planar flow. Part 6 Laminar flow: the flow of viscous fluids; the Navier-Stokes equation; the balance of kinetic energy for laminar flow; the balance of internal energy for laminar flow; dynamical similarity; some general properties of incompressible viscous flow; steady incompressible flow in a cylindrical pipe; steady incompressible laminar flow in annuli; elementary boundary-layer theory; resistance of a solid sphere in laminar flow; free convection. Part 7 Turbulent flow: the nature of turbulent motion; Reynold's equation - the balance of momentum for turbulent flow; the balance of kinetic energy for turbulent flow; determination of the apparent turbulent shear stress according to the mixing length theory; turbulent flow through pipes; turbulent boundary-layer flow; turbulent flow in annuli. Part 8 One-dimensional pipe flow: one-dimensional approximation for flow in pipes; basic equations for one-dimensional flow in pipes; criteria for laminar, transitional and turbulent flow; head loss in straight cylindrical pipes; head losses resulting from fittings; pressure loss of a low velocity gas flow. (Part contents)