Materials, Energy and Environment Engineering (eBook)

Dr. Raj Mohan B is working as Associate Professor in Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka. He has more than 50 research publications in the field of Air Pollution: Particulate Matter analysis, Control and Abatement and CO2 sequestration, Bioremediation and Separation Technology, Wastewater Treatment and Quality monitoring, Biosynthesis of nanoparticles, reduction of antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds. Dr. G. Srinikethan, is working in Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka. He has more than 40 research publications. His research fields are Transfer Operations, Industrial Pollution Control, Hydrodynamics, Environmental Biotechnology. Dr. Bhim Charan Meikap, is working at Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. He has more than 100 publications  in reputed journals. He is working on the research fields like, Air Pollution: Particulate Matter analysis, Control and Abatement and CO2 sequestration, Bioremediation and Separation Technology, Wastewater Treatment and Quality monitoring.

Preface 5
Contents 8
About the Editors 12
Materials and Nanomaterials 13
1 Characterization of Citrus Peels for Bioethanol Production 14
1 Introduction 14
2 Materials and Methods 15
2.1 Materials 15
2.2 Experimental 16
3 Results and Discussion 16
3.1 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis 16
3.2 FTIR Spectroscopy 17
3.3 Thermal Analysis 18
4 Conclusion 22
References 22
2 Study of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Aluminium Alloy Reinforced with TiB2, by in Situ Technique 24
1 Introduction 24
2 Materials and Methods 25
2.1 Composition of Alloy 25
2.2 Preparation of Composites by Mixed Salt Route Technique 26
2.3 Sample Preparation for Optical Microscopy and SEM 26
2.4 Micro Structural Characterisation 27
2.5 Wear Testing 27
2.6 Hardness Testing 27
2.7 Tensile Testing 27
3 Results and Discussion 28
3.1 Microstructure of AA7175-TiB2 Composite 28
3.2 Wear Behaviour 29
3.3 Hardness of Composites 31
3.4 Tensile Behaviour 31
4 Conclusions 33
References 34
3 Development of Bio-Based Epoxide from Plant Oil 35
1 Introduction 35
2 Experimental Details 36
2.1 Materials 36
2.2 Experimental Procedure 37
2.3 Chemical and Instrumental Analysis 37
3 Results and Discussion 38
3.1 Epoxidation Reactions 38
3.2 Comparison of Different Acid Catalysts on Epoxide Yield 38
3.3 Comparison of Different Carboxylic Acids on Epoxide Yield 39
3.4 FTIR Analysis of Nahor Oil and Products 40
4 Conclusion 41
Acknowledgments 41
References 41
4 Experimental and FEM Analysis on the Mechanical Properties of Al-8011 Alloy Reinforced with Fly-Ash and E-Glass Fibers 43
1 Introduction 43
2 Experimental 44
2.1 Raw Materials and Their Properties 44
2.2 Fabrication of Composites 45
2.3 Brinell Hardness Test 45
2.4 Tensile and Compression Tests 45
3 Results and Discussions 46
3.1 Hardness 46
3.2 Tensile Strength 47
3.3 Compression Strength 48
4 FEM Approach 49
5 Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis 51
6 Conclusions 51
References 52
5 Effects of Single, Double, Triple and Quadruple Window Glazing of Various Glass Materials on Heat Gain in Green Energy Buildings 54
1 Introduction 54
2 Experimental Methodology 54
3 Thermal Analysis 56
4 Results and Discussions 56
4.1 Heat Gain in Buildings of Hot and Dry (Ahmedabad) and Temperate (Bangalore) Climatic Regions 56
4.2 Heat Gain in Buildings of Warm and Humid (Bombay) and Composite (New-Delhi) Climatic Regions 58
5 Conclusion 59
References 59
6 Synthesis of Ruthenium Nanoparticles by Microwave Assisted Solvothermal Technique 60
1 Introduction 60
2 Experimental Procedures 61
2.1 Materials 61
2.2 Synthesis of Ru Nanoparticles in Pressurized Vial 61
2.3 Characterisation of Ru Nanoparticles 61
3 Result and Discussion 62
3.1 Formation of Ru Nanoparticles 62
3.2 Effect of PVP/RuCl3 Molar Ratio (MR) on Particle Size 62
3.3 Effect of MWI Power on Average Size of Ru Nanoparticles 63
3.4 Stability of Ru Nanoparticle and TEM Analysis 65
4 Conclusion 65
References 66
7 Sonochemical Synthesis of Poly (Styrene-co-Methylmethacrylate)-HNT’s Nanocomposites by Mini-emulsion Polymerisation 67
1 Introduction 67
2 Research Methodology 68
2.1 Materials 68
2.2 Mini-emulsion Copolymerization of Poly(Styrene-co-Methylmethacrylate)-HNT’s Nanocomposites 69
2.3 Polymerization of (Styrene-co-Methylmethacrylate)-HNT’s 69
3 Characterisation of Nanocomposites 70
4 Results and Discussions 70
4.1 Effect of Sonication and Clay Loading on Structure of Nanocomposites 70
4.2 Studies on Morphology of Nanocomposites 72
4.3 Effect of HNTs Inclusion on Polymer Structure 73
4.4 Effect of Clay Loading on Thermal Stability of Nanocomposites 74
5 Summary/Conclusion 74
References 75
8 A Novel Single Step Sonochemical Synthesis of Micro-Nano Size Palladium-Metal Oxides 76
1 Introduction 76
2 Experimental 77
3 Results and Discussions 78
3.1 X-Ray Diffraction and Size Distribution Analysis 78
3.2 Microscopy and Elemental Analysis 79
4 Conclusion 81
References 81
9 A Novel Single Step Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Nano Size Metal Oxides Metal Carbides and Metal Nitrides 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Experimental 83
3 Results and Discussions 85
3.1 X-ray Diffraction 85
3.2 BET Surface Area Analysis 87
3.3 Size Distribution Analysis 87
3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis 88
4 Conclusion 88
References 89
Biosorption and Degradation 90
10 Denitrification Under Aerobic Condition in Draft Tube Spouted Bed Reactor 91
1 Introduction 91
2 Materials and Methodology 92
2.1 Growth Media Composition 92
2.2 Analytical Method 92
3 Experimentation 93
3.1 Experimental Procedure 93
4 Results and Discussion 94
4.1 Effect of Influent Nitrate Concentrations and Dilution Rates on Time to Attain Steady State 94
4.2 Effect of Nitrate Loading Rate on Removal Rate at Different GAC Loading 95
4.3 Effect of Ratio of Nitrate Loading Rate to Attached Biomass Weight on Percentage Nitrate Removal 96
5 Conclusion 97
Acknowledgments 98
References 98
11 Feasibility of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in the Presence of Bicarbonate 99
1 Introduction 99
2 Materials and Methods 100
2.1 Nutrient Media for Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation 100
2.2 Biomass 100
2.3 Batch Reactor Studies 100
2.4 Kinetic Studies 101
2.5 Analytical Techniques 101
3 Results and Discussion 101
3.1 Feasibility of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Using HCO3? as Electron Acceptor 101
3.2 Kinetic Studies 103
4 Conclusions 104
References 105
12 Denitration of High Nitrate Bearing Alkaline Waste Using Two Stage Chemical and Biological Process 106
1 Introduction 106
2 Materials and Method 107
2.1 Chemical Denitration 107
2.2 Biological Denitrification 108
3 Result and Discussion 109
3.1 Chemical Denitration 109
3.2 Biological Denitrification 112
4 Conclusion 114
References 114
13 Optimization Study of Cadmium Biosorption on Sea Urchin Test: Application of Response Surface Methodology 116
1 Introduction 116
2 Materials and Methods 117
2.1 Biosorbent Preparation 117
2.2 Preparation Synthetic Cd(II) Stock Solution 117
2.3 Biosorption Experiments (Batch Mode) 118
2.4 Design Variables for Biosorption Study 118
2.5 Process Optimization 118
3 Results and Discussion 120
3.1 Competency of the Model for Cd(II) Removal 120
3.2 Regression Analysis 121
3.3 ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model 122
3.4 Optimization and Confirmation 123
4 Conclusion 123
References 123
14 Optimization of Nickel (II) and Cadmium (II) Biosorption on Brewery Sludge Using Response Surface Methodology 125
1 Introduction 125
2 Materials and Methods 126
3 Results and Discussion 126
4 Conclusion 130
Acknowledgments 130
References 130
15 Biosorption of Copper from Wastewater Using Spirulina Species 132
1 Introduction 132
2 Materials and Methods 133
3 Results and Discussions 133
3.1 Effect of Contact Time (min) 133
3.2 Effect of Biosorbent Dosage 134
3.3 Effect of pH 134
3.4 Effect of Initial Cu Ion Concentration 135
3.5 Adsorption Isotherm Study of Cu Metal 136
3.6 Column Studies 137
3.7 Experiment on Industrial Sample 137
4 Summary/Conclusion 138
References 138
16 A Study on Simultaneous Photocatalytic Removal of Hexavalent Chromium and Pharmaceutical Contaminant from Aqueous Phase 139
1 Introduction 139
2 Materials and Methods 140
3 Results and Discussions 142
3.1 Characterization of the Catalyst 142
3.2 Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium 143
4 Conclusions 145
Acknowledgments 145
References 145
17 Effect of Precursor Salt Solution Concentration on the Size of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Aqueous Leaf Extracts of T. catappa and T. grandis Linn f.—A Green Synthesis Route 147
1 Introduction 147
2 Materials and Methods 148
2.1 Collection of the Plant Material 148
2.2 Preparation of the Aqueous Extracts of T. catappa (ALE) and T.Grandis Linn f (TLE) Leaves 148
2.3 Biosynthesis of AgNPs 148
3 Results and Discussion 149
4 Conclusion 152
References 152
18 Impact of Hydrochloric Acid on Phase Formation of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 154
1 Introduction 154
2 Materials and Methods 155
3 Results and Discussion 156
4 Conclusions 159
References 159
19 Synthesis and Characterization of Mg Doped CuO Nano Particles by Quick Precipitation Method 160
1 Introduction 160
2 Materials and Method 161
3 Results and Discussion 161
3.1 XRD Analysis 161
3.2 FESEM and EDX Analysis 161
3.3 UV-Vis Analysis 162
4 Conclusion 165
References 165
20 Studies on Process Parameters of Continuous Production of Nickel Nanoparticles Using Spiral Microreactor 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Experimental 168
2.1 Chemicals 168
2.2 Experimental Setup and Synthesis 168
3 Result and Discussion 169
3.1 Effect of Temperature 169
3.2 Effect of Surfactant 171
3.3 Effect of N2H4/Ni2+ Molar Ratio 172
3.4 SEM Analysis: Nanoparticles Structure 172
4 Conclusion 173
References 173
21 Optimization of Cassava Pulp Pretreatment by Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Using Response Surface Methodology for Bioethanol Production 175
1 Introduction 175
2 Materials and Methods 176
2.1 Materials 176
2.2 Pretreatment 176
2.3 Enzyme Hydrolysis 176
2.4 Fermentation 177
2.5 Analytical Methods 177
2.6 Experimental Design 177
3 Results and Discussion 178
3.1 Effect of Solid to Liquid Ratio (SLR) 178
3.2 Model Fitting 178
3.3 Effect of Process Variables on Reducing Sugar Yield 181
3.4 Confirmation Experiments 182
3.5 Spectral Characterization 182
3.6 Fermentation 183
4 Conclusions 183
References 184
22 Production of Biodiesel from Neem Oil Feedstock Using Bifunctional Catalyst 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Materials and Methods 188
2.1 Preparation of Catalyst 188
2.2 Method 188
2.3 Catalyst Recovery 190
3 Results and Discussion 190
3.1 Effect of Bifunctional Catalyst 190
3.2 Effect of Process Time 191
3.3 Effect of Catalyst 191
3.4 Effect of Ethanol to Oil Ratio 192
4 Conclusion 193
References 193
23 Influence of Feed Vapour Fraction on the Performance of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 195
1 Introduction 195
2 Experimental Set Up 196
3 Results and Discussion 197
3.1 Effect of Feed Vapor Fraction 197
3.2 Effect of Methanol Concentration 197
3.3 Comparison with Neat Methanol 199
4 Conclusion 201
References 201
24 Electrocatalytic Borohydride Oxidation by Supported Tungsten Oxide Nanoclusters Towards Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells 203
1 Introduction 203
2 Experimental 205
3 Results and Discussion 205
4 Conclusion 207
References 208
25 Optimal Off-Grid Hybrid Options for Power Generation in Remote Indian Villages: HOMER Application and Analysis 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Methodology and Data Used 211
3 HOMER Analysis 213
4 Results and Discussion 213
4.1 Optimal Hybrid Energy System Architecture 213
5 Conclusions 216
References 216
Websites 216
26 Experimental Studies on Electricity Production and Removal of Hexavalent Chromium in Microbial Fuel Cell 217
1 Introduction 217
2 Materials and Methods 218
2.1 MFC Construction 218
2.2 MFC Operation 218
2.3 Measurement and Analysis 219
3 Results 220
3.1 Effect of PH 220
3.2 Effect of Concentration 221
3.3 Chromium Reduction 222
4 Discussion 222
5 Conclusion 224
References 224
27 Experimental Studies on Performance of Single Cell PEM Fuel Cell with Various Operating Parameters 225
1 Introduction 225
2 Experimental 227
2.1 Preparation of Catalyst Ink and Fabrication of MEA 227
2.2 Fuel Cell Tests 227
3 Results and Discussion 228
3.1 Effect of Operating Temperature 228
3.2 Effect of Operating Pressure 229
3.3 Effect of Anode Humidification Temperature 229
3.4 Effect of Cathode Humidification Temperature 230
3.5 Effect of Anode Gas Flow Rate (H2) 231
3.6 Effect of Cathode Gas Flow Rate (O2) 231
4 Conclusions 232
Acknowledgments 233
References 233
28 A Study on Utilization of Latex Processing Effluent for Treatment and Energy Recovery in Microbial Fuel Cell 234
1 Introduction 234
2 Materials and Methods 235
3 Results and Discussion 237
3.1 Contaminant Removal 237
3.2 Energy Recovery 238
4 Conclusions 240
Acknowledgments 240
References 240
29 Effect of Traditionally Synthesized Carbon Nano Particles as Bio-Fuel Blend on the Engine Performance 242
1 Introduction 242
2 Materials and Methodology 243
2.1 Materials 243
2.2 Traditional Method of Synthesizing Carbon Nanoparticles 243
2.3 Materials Characterization of Carbon Nanoparticle 243
2.4 Blending of Carbon Nanoparticles with Diesel 243
2.5 Experimental Setup 244
3 Results and Discussion 244
3.1 Characterization of Carbon Nanoparticle 244
3.2 Characterization Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) 245
3.3 Effect of Smoke Capacity 246
3.4 Effect of Smoke Capacity 246
3.5 Variation of NOx Emission 247
4 Conclusion 247
Acknowledgments 248
References 248
30 Optimization of Chitosan Nanoparticles Synthesis and Its Applications in Fatty Acid Absorption 249
1 Introduction 249
2 Materials and Methods 250
2.1 Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles 250
2.2 Testing of Size of Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Zeta Analyzer 250
2.3 Testing for Fat Absorption of Chitosan Nanoparticles 250
3 Results and Discussion 251
4 Conclusion 252
References 252
31 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Turmeric Extract and Evaluation of Its Anti-Bacterial Activity and Catalytic Reduction of Methylene Blue 253
1 Introduction 253
2 Methodology 254
2.1 Preparation of Extract 254
2.2 Synthesis of TUAgnps 254
2.3 Characterization of TUAgnps 254
2.3.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopic Characterization of TUAgnps 254
2.3.2 FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies 254
2.3.3 Particle Size Distribution and Zeta Potential 254
2.3.4 SEM and EDX Analysis 255
2.4 Effect of Biosynthesized TUAgnps on the Methylene Blue Reduction and Its Evaluation 255
2.5 Immobilization of TUAgnps on Cloth and Disk Diffusion Studies 255
3 Results 256
3.1 Characterization of TUAgnps 256
3.1.1 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 256
3.1.2 FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies 256
3.1.3 Particle Size Distribution and Zeta Potential 256
3.1.4 SEM and EDX Analysis 258
3.2 Methylene Blue Dye Reduction by TUAgnps and Its Catalytic Activity 258
3.3 Antimicrobial Activity Studies 260
4 Conclusions 260
References 261
32 Comparison of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials: Humidity Sensor Applications 262
1 Introduction 262
2 Experimental Details 263
3 Results and Discussions 263
3.1 X-Ray Diffractometer 263
3.2 Particle Size Analyser 265
4 Humidity Sensor Application 265
5 Conclusion 269
Acknowledgments 269
References 269
Pollution Control 271
33 Assessment of Ambient Air Quality Parameters in Various Industries of Uttarakhand, India 272
1 Introduction 272
2 Materials and Methods 274
2.1 Identification of Industries for Air Quality Monitoring 274
2.2 Survey and Analysis of Various Industries 274
2.3 Data Collection/Sampling 274
3 Results and Discussion 275
4 Conclusion 281
Acknowledgments 282
References 282
34 Urban Air Pollution Impact and Strategic Plans—A Case Study of a Tier-II City 284
1 Introduction 284
2 Methodology 286
3 Results and Discussion 286
4 Conclusion 289
Acknowledgments 289
References 289
35 Optimization of Engineering and Process Parameters for Electro-Chemical Treatment of Textile Wastewater 291
1 Introduction 291
2 Materials and Method 292
2.1 Materials Used 292
2.2 Apparatus Design 292
2.3 Experimental Procedure 293
2.4 Analytical Method 293
2.5 Data Analysis 294
3 Results and Discussion 294
4 Conclusion 299
Acknowledgments 299
References 299
36 Secondary Treatment of Dairy Effluents with Trickle Bed 300
1 Introduction 300
2 Materials and Methods 301
3 Results and Discussions 303
4 Conclusion 306
References 307