Handbook of Nanocellulose and Cellulose Nanocomposites

Hanieh Kargarzadeh is a post-doctoral research fellow at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) in Selangor, Malaysia. She received her MSc in organic chemistry from Islamic Azad University of Gachsaran, Iran, in 2007 and completed her PhD at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, in 2013. Dr. Kargarzadeh has published a number of papers in high quality international journals and has been involved in a number of books as the author for different chapters. Her research interests lie in the area of nanocomposites, cellulose nanomaterials, and polymer blending. Ishak Ahmad is Professor at the School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), as well as Head of the Nanocrystalline Research Consortia, under National Nanotechnology Directorate (NND), Malaysia. Prof. Ahmad has authored more than hundred research papers in international peer-reviewed journals and proceedings in the area of polymer composites, nanocomposites, polymer blends, polymer recycling and polymer hydrogels. Furthermore, he has written 3 books and contributed chapters to various books. Prof. Ahmad holds four patents. Sabu Thomas is the Director of the International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology as well as full professor of Polymer Science and Technology at the School of Chemical Sciences of the Mahatma Gandhi University in Kottayam, India. His research interests include polymer nanocomposites, polymer blends, green bionanotechnological and nano-biomedical sciences. Prof. Thomas has authored more than 600 peer reviewed publications, reviews and book chapters, co-edited 53 books and holds 6 patents. Furthermore, he has received a number of national and international awards, including a Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry, MRSI award, CRSI award, the Distinguished Professorship award form Josef Stefan Institute, Slovenia, and the Sukumar Maithy award. The H Index of Prof. Thomas is 77 and having a citation of over 25,5000. Recently, Prof. Thomas has been awarded Honoris Causa by the University of South Brittany, France. Alain Dufresne is Professor at the International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials at Grenoble Institute of Technology, Grenoble, France. He has been a visiting professor in Brazil and Malaysia. His interests lie in the area of nanocomposites, heterogeneous polymer systems, as well as sustainable and renewable materials. Prof. Dufresne has authored more than 240 research papers as well as 40 book chapters and holds 7 patents. Furthermore, he is a member of the editorial board of several international scientific journals.

NANOCELLULOSE (CNF) AND CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL (CNC) EXTRACTION
Introduction
Source of Cellulose
Extraction with Chemical Route
Extraction with Mechanical Route
Enzymatic Route
Combination of Enzymatic Chemical and Mechanical Routes
Other Techniques
Effects of Preparation Conditions
Concluding Remarks
References
CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCELULLOSE (CNF) AND CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL (CNC)
Introduction
Microscopy
Crystallinity
Thermal Properties
Contact Angle
Spectroscopy
Chromatography
Solvatochromism
Polarity
Other Characterization
Concluding Remarks
References
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF NANOCELLULOSE (CNF) AND CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL (CNC) AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION
Principle of Surface Modification
Modification via Synthesis
Physical Modification
Chemical Modification
Other Modification Techniques
Concluding Remarks
References
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Solution Casting
Melt Compounding
Dissolution
Electro-spinning
Non-aqueous System
Long Chain Grafting
Polymer Latex
Hydro Soluble or Hydro Dispersible Polymer
Freeze Drying
Concluding Remarks
References
SELF-ASSEMBLY OF CELLULOSE NANOSTRUCTURES
Introduction
Self-Assembly and -Organization of Cellulose Nanostructure
Self-Assembly and -Organization of CNF and CNC in Aqueous Medium
Self-Assembly and -Organization of CNF and CNC in Organic Medium
Self-Assembly and -Organization of CNF and CNC under External Fields
Self-Assembly and -Organization of CNF and CNC in Thin Solid Film
Preparation Techniques
Applications
Concluding Remarks
References
THERMOPLASTIC CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Thermoplastic Based CNF Nanocomposites
Thermoplastic Based CNC Nanocomposites
Preparation Methods
Characterization
Applications
Concluding Remarks
References
THERMOSETTING CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Thermoset Based CNF Nanocomposites
Thermoset Based CNC Nanocomposites
Preparation Methods
Characterization
Applications
Concluding Remarks
References
RUBBER CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Natural Rubber Based CNF and CNC Nanocomposites
Synthetic Rubber Based CNF and CNC Nanocomposites
Preparation Techniques
Characterization
Applications
Concluding Remarks
References
HYBRID FILLER (CELLULOSE/ NON-CELLULOSE) REINFORCED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Thermoplastic Reinforced Hybrid Filler Nanocomposites
Thermoset reinforced Hybrid Filler Nanocomposites
Rubber Reinforced Hybrid Filler Nanocomposite
Preparation Methods
Characterization
Applications
Concluding Remarks
References
FULLY GREEN CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Bionanocomposites Based CNF
Bionanocomposites Based CNC
Preparation Methods
Characterization
Applications
Concluding Remarks
References
MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Microscopy Studies of CNF
Microscopy Studies of CNC
Concluding Remarks
References
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Tensile Testing
Compressive Testing
Shear Testing
Impact Testing
Other Mechanical Properties
Concluding Remarks
References
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Principle on DMAT
DMTA of CNF Based Nanocomposites
DMTA of CNC Based Nanocomposites
Concluding Remarks
References
VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Principle on the Viscoelastic and Rheology Behavior
Rheology Studies of Cellulose Nanocomposites
Effect of Frequency
Effect of Filer Composition
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Time
Effect of Speed
Payne Effect
Concluding Remark
References
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Thermogaravimetrice Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Concluding Remarks
References
CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Crystallinity and Crystallization of CNF Nanocomposites
Crystallinity and Crystallization of CNC Nanocomposites
Concluding Remarks
References
SCATTERING STUDIES OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
X-ray Scattering
Light Scattering
Neutron Scattering
Concluding Remarks
References
SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
FTIR Spectroscopy
NMR Spectroscopy
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Ultraviolet Visible
Concluding Remarks
References
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Principle on Raman Spectroscopy
Characterization of CNF Nanocomposites with Raman Spectroscopy
Characterization of CNC Nanocomposites with Raman Spectroscopy
Concluding Remarks
References
DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Principle on Dielectric Spectroscopy
Dielectric Properties of CNF Based Nanocomposites
Dielectric Properties of CNC Based Nanocomposites
Concluding Remarks
References
WATER SORPTION AND BARRIER PROPERTIES OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Water Sorption and Barrier Properties of CNF Nanocomposite
Water Sorption and Barrier Properties of CNC Nanocomposite
Concluding Remark
References
AGEING AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF CNF AND CNC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Introduction
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Assessment of Nanocellulose and Cellulose Nanocrystal
Life Cycle Assessment of Cellulose Nanocomposites
Aging Properties of Cellulose and Nanocellulose
Ageing Properties of Cellulose Nanocomposite
Concluding Remarks
References
APPLICATIONS OF NANOCELLULOSE, NANO WHISKERS AND CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITE
Introduction
Biomedical Applications
Conductive Features
Barrier Films
Optoelectronic Applications
Optical Coating
Packaging Applications
Electrical Applications
Cellulose Nanopapers
Ceramics with Uniform Nanopores
Structures and Strength
Water Purification
Other Applications
Concluding Remarks
References