Handbook of Recycling

Ernst Worrell (Ph.D.) is professor of 'Energy, Resources & Technological Change' at Utrecht University in the Copernicus Institute. His research focuses on the technical, economic and policy aspects of the energy-resource nexus, including energy, material, and resource efficiency improvement, as well as waste management and processing. The research includes the transition to a circular economy working on recycling and material efficiency. He has led the industrial energy assessment work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory until 2008 and was Director Energy Use & Efficiency at the sustainable energy consulting company Ecofys between 2004 and 2010. He is (co-) author of over 300 publications, of which over 200 peer-reviewed articles. He was until 2013, for 12 years Editor-in-Chief of the peer-reviewed journal Resources, Conservation and Recycling, and also serves as associate editor of Energy, the International Journal and of Energy Efficiency. Markus A. Reuter is with SMS Group in Dusseldorf, Germany. Prior to holding this position, Reuter was director at Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology; chief technologist, Ausmelt Australia; and director of technology management, Outotec (now MetsoOutotec) Australia and Finland. He also worked at Mintek & Anglo American Corporation both in South Africa. In addition, he has served as a full professor at TU Delft in the Netherlands and the University of Melbourne in Australia, and has held honorary and adjunct professorships at Aalto University in Finland, at Central South University in China, and presently ongoing positions at TU Bergakademie Freiberg in Germany, as well as Curtin University Perth in Australia. He holds honorary doctorates from the University of Liege in Belgium and the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa; D.Eng. & Ph.D. degrees from Stellenbosch University; and a Dr. habil. from RWTH Aachen in Germany. Recent honors include receiving The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) TMS Extraction & Processing Division Distinguished Lecture Award in 2016, delivering the TMS Extraction & Processing Division (EPD) and Light Metals Luncheon Lectures in 2020 & 2022 respectively, receiving 3 TMS Science Awards in 2022 & 2014 and as well as receiving an Outotec Technology award in 2014.

I RECYCLING IN CONTEXT 1 Recycling: A Key Factor for Resource Efficiency 2 Definitions and Terminology 3 Recycling in Context 4 Recycling Rare Metals 5 Theory and Tools of Physical Separation/Recycling

II RECYCLING - APPLICATION & TECHNOLOGY 6 Recycling of Steel 7 Copper Recycling 8 Lead Recycling 9 Zinc and Residue Recycling 10 Recycling of Rare Metals 11 Recycling of Lumber 12 Paper Recycling 13 Plastic Recycling 14 Glass Recycling 15 Textile Recycling 16 Cementitious Binders 17 Industrial By-products 18 Recovery of Metals from Different Secondary Resources (Waste) 19 Recycling of Carbon Fibers 20 Recycling of Construction and Demolition Wastes 21 Recycling of Packaging 22 Material-Centric (Aluminum and Copper) and Product-Centric (Cars, WEEE, TV, Lamps, Batteries, Catalysts) Recycling and DfR Rules 23 Separation of Large Municipal Solid Waste 24 Recovery of Construction and Demolition Wastes 25 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Management 26 Developments in Collection of Municipal Solid Waste

III STRATEGY AND POLICY 27 From Recycling to Eco-design 28 Recycling and Labeling 29 Informal Waste Recycling in Developing Countries 30 Squaring the Circular Economy 31 The Economics of Recycling 32 Geopolitics of Resources and Recycling 33 Recycling in Waste Management Policy 34 Voluntary and Negotiated Agreements 35 Economic Instruments 36 Information Instruments 37 Regulatory Instruments: Sustainable Materials Management, Recycling, and the Law

Appendix 1: Physical Separation 101 Appendix 2: Thermodynamics 101 Appendix 3: Life-Cycle Assessment