Tilapias: Biology and Exploitation

1 Evolution, phylogenetic relationships and biogeography.- 1.1 Definition of a tilapia.- 1.2 Evolution of the Cichlidae.- 1.3 Taxonomic classification.- 1.4 Evolution of mouthbrooding tilapia.- 1.5 Tilapiine evolution.- 1.6 Biogeography.- References.- 2 Reproductive biology, mating systems and parental care.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Mating systems and mate choice.- 2.3 Competition and territoriality.- 2.4 Courtship and spawning.- 2.5 Parental care.- 2.6 Habitat use during the life cycle.- 2.7 Breeding seasonality.- 2.8 Evolution of reproductive strategies.- 2.9 Implications for exploitation.- 2.10 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 3 Diet, feeding and digestive physiology.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Diet and feeding ecology.- 3.3 Food capture and processing.- 3.4 Gut morphology and digestion.- 3.5 Feeding rates and trophic efficiencies.- 3.6 Discussion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 4 Environmental physiology and energetics.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Body design and general anatomical features.- 4.3 Handling and anaesthesia.- 4.4 Oxygen consumption and utilization.- 4.5 Nitrogenous excretion.- 4.6 The major metabolic modifiers.- 4.7 Energy flow and budgets.- 4.8 Effects of water quality parameters.- 4.9 Summary.- References.- 5 The role of tilapias in ecosystems.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Nilo-Sudanian tilapias in riverine ecosystems and impoundments.- 5.3 Nilo-Sudanian tilapias in lakes.- 5.4 Tilapias in Lake Victoria - the replacement of endemic by nilotic species.- 5.5 Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir, Tanzania, new home of O.esculentus.- 5.6 The roles of tilapias in species flocks.- 5.7 Tilapias in specialized ecosystems.- 5.8 O mossambicus in Lake Sibaya, southern Africa.- 5.9 The roles of tilapias established in ecosystems outside Africa.- 5.10 Discussion: the success of tilapias.- References.- 6 Population dynamics and management.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Population processes.- 6.3 Dynamics and management of populations.- 6.4 Life history variation and’ stunting’.- 6.5 Concluding remarks.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 7 Genetics for the management and improvement of cultured tilapias.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Choice of species and strains.- 7.3 Selective breeding.- 7.4 Chromosome set and ploidy manipulations.- 7.5 Control of reproduction.- 7.6 Transgenic tilapia.- 7.7 Summary.- References.- 8 Strategies for tilapia seed production.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Development of tilapia seed production.- 8.3 Factors affecting reproductive success and hatchery efficiency.- 8.4 Hatchery systems.- 8.5 Nursing of tilapia.- 8.6 Systems comparison.- 8.7 Summary.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 9 Nutritional requirements.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Protein requirements.- 9.3 Lipid.- 9.4 Carbohydrate.- 9.5 Protein and energy relationships.- 9.6 Vitamins.- 9.7 Minerals.- Conclusions.- References.- 10 Semi-intensive pond aquaculture.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Comparison of tilapias and carps.- 10.3 Culture systems.- 10.4 Pond fertilization.- 10.5 Supplementary feeding.- 10.6 Environmental concerns.- References.- 11 Production in intensive and recycle systems.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The suitability of tilapia for intensive production.- 11.3 System design and operation — theoretical and practical aspects.- 11.4 Practical development of intensive and recycle systems.- 11.5 Problems and constraints.- 11.6 Future directions.- References.- 12 Economics and marketing.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 The tilapia marketing environment.- 12.3 Current supply features.- 12.4 Comparative production economics.- 12.5 The market for tilapia products.- 12.6Prospective tilapia consumers.- 12.7 Marketing tilapia in the EU.- 12.8 Marketing tilapia in North America.- 12.9 Challenges for tilapia marketing.- 12.10 Potential directions and conclusions.- References.- Species index.