Supercomputers in Seismic Exploration (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Seismic Exploration: Supercomputers in Seismic Exploration 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
PREFACE 6
Chapter 1. Is 3-D Wave-equation Modeling Feasible in the next Ten Years? 12
Background 12
A Typical Seismic Model 13
Numerical Methods 14
Parallel Computers 16
Finite Differences on a Hypercube 17
Is Realistic 3-D Modeling Possible in Ten Years? 18
Acknowledgments 20
References 20
Chapter 2. Three-dimensional Seismic Processing, Migration, and Modeling using Parallel Processing on Cray Supercomputers 22
Introduction 22
Cray X-MP Hardware and Software 22
Three-dimensional Standard Processing 29
Three-dimensional Migration 35
Three-dimensional Forward Modeling 42
Chapter 3. Wave Equation Computations and Truly Parallel Processing 46
Introduction 47
Time Evolution 49
Depth Extrapolation 52
Parallel Implementation 55
Outline Design of an Efficient Parallel Wave Equation Processor 59
Discussion 61
Appendix I: Time Evolution of Elastic and Acoustic Waves 62
Appendix II: Depth Extrapolation of Elastic and Acoustic Waves 63
Acknowledgments 64
References 65
Chapter 4. Advances in High Performance Processing of Seismic Data 66
Introduction 66
Hardware Advances 67
Channels 76
Tapes 77
Optical Disks 78
Hyperdisks 80
Rasterizers and Plotters 81
Advances in Software 81
Implementation: Realities and Pitfalls 82
Conclusion 88
References 89
Chapter 5. Parallel and Optical Architectures for Modeling and Inversion 92
Introduction 92
Algorithms for Modeling and Inversion 94
Computer Architecture Issues 107
Optical Computing Issues 116
Performance of Architectures with Algorithms 120
Optical Architectures 127
Conclusion 147
References 147
Chapter 6. Seismic Data Processing on a SIMD Array Parallel Supercomputer 151
Introduction 151
Performance Requirements 152
From Array Processors to Processor Arrays 153
SIMD Array Supercomputers 155
Geophysical Processes in Parallel 161
Conclusions 168
References 169
Chapter 7. Hypercube Supercomputing 170
Introduction 170
Design Issues for Multiprocessor Computers 171
The Hypercube Multiprocessor Computer 175
Hardware, Operating System, Software 177
The Hypercube Interconnection Network 179
Programming the Hypercube 182
Partitioning Techniques 184
Application Examples 186
Application Programs 189
Seismic Data Processing Example 190
Conclusions 191
References 192
Chapter 8. Large Scale Elastic Wavefield Inversion 195
Summary 195
The Seismologists' Dream 196
Inversion Using Seismic Wave Simulations 199
Simulating Seismic Waves 203
Parallelism in Nature and Computers 205
Initial Tests 211
Conclusions 212
References 213
Chapter 9. The Future of Iterative Modeling in Geophysical Exploration 214
Abstract 214
What is Iterative Modeling? 214
Iterative Modeling Using Substructure Analysis 216
Iterative Modeling by Partial Factorization 223
Iterative Modeling by Homotopy Methods 232
Iterative Modeling Using Taylor Series Expansions 235
Conclusions 238
References 239
Chapter 10. Application of Supercomputers in Three-dimensional Seismic Modeling 240
Introduction 240
The Conventional Approach 242
Some Practical Problems 245
A Simple Higher-order Algorithm 246
Grid Dispersion and Numerical Stability 247
Problems Related to Model Boundaries 248
Pseudo-spectral and Other Schemes 249
Applications 258
Concluding Remarks 261
References 262
Chapter 11. A Fast Boundary Integral Solution for the Acoustic Response of Three-dimensional Axi-symmetric Scatterers 263
Abstract 263
Introduction 263
Three-dimensional Modeling Algorithm 264
Theory 266
Numerical Examples 268
Summary 281
Appendix 283
Bie Formulation 283
Numerical Algorithm 284
References 288
Chapter 12. Supercomputers in Reservoir Simulation: Past, Present, and Future 290
Introduction 290
Background on Reservoir Simulation 291
Past and Present Use of Supercomputers 303
Future Use of Supercomputers 310
References 315
INDEX 320