Ultrasonics International 91 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Ultrasonics International 91: Conference Proceedings 
4 
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Foreword 18
Chapter 1. ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION 20
INTRODUCTION 20
BRIEF HISTORY 20
LFB ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY 23
APPLICATION OF THE LFB SYSTEM 24
CONCLUDING REMARKS 30
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 30
REFERENCES 30
Chapter 2. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LITHOTRIPTERS 34
INTRODUCTION 34
TISSUE EFFECTS OF SHOCK WAVES 35
SHOCK WAVE-GAS BUBBLE INTERACTION AS A MECHANISM OF TISSUEDAMAGE 36
INCREASED CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY BY SHOCK WAVES 38
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 39
REFERENCES 39
Chapter 3. ULTRASOUND IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY 42
INTRODUCTION 42
HIGH-POWER ULTRASOUND IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY 44
FUNDAMENTAL EFFECTS OF HIGH-POWER ULTRASONICS 44
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF HIGH-POWER ULTRASOUND FOR FOODSTUFFS 45
CONCLUSIONS 47
REFERENCES 48
Chapter 4. GUIDED ELASTIC WAVES IN FLUID-LOADED COMPOSITE LAMINATES 50
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 50
BEHAVIOR OF THE REFLECTION COEFFICIENT 51
NUMERICAL RESULTS 53
CONCLUSIONS 58
References 58
Chapter 5. TECHNIQUES FOR UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC IMAGING 60
I. THE SIDE SCAN SONAR AND ITS BATHYMETRIC VERSION 60
II. THE MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER 62
III. 3-D IMAGING AT SHORT RANGES 64
REFERENCES 66
Chapter 6. SIGNAL PROCESSING APPLIED TO ABSORPTION AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 68
INTRODUCTION 68
TEST CELL FOR LIQUIDS 69
HIGH FREQUENCY REVERBERATION SPECTRCMETER 70
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR HIGHLY ABSORBING MATERIALS 71
CONCLUSION 73
REFERENCES 73
Chapter 7. ARE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SHOCKWAVES CAUSED BY FREE RADICALS? 76
INTRODUCTION 76
MATERIAL & METHODS
RESULTS 77
DISCUSSION 79
REFERENCES 79
Chapter 8. QUANTITATIVE ASSIGNMENT OF SHOCK WAVE PARAMETERS TO STONE DISINTEGRATION IN LITHOTRIPSY 80
INTRODUCTION 80
METHOD 80
EXPERIMENT 81
CONCLUSION 82
REFERENCES 82
Chapter 9. REPRODUCIBIUTY OF THE SHOCK WAVES IMPROVES WHEN ELECTROLYTE IS USED IN ELECTROHYDRAULIC GENERATORS, WHY? 84
INTRODUCTION 84
MATERIAL 85
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 85
CONCLUSION 86
REFERENCES 87
Chapter 10. INFLUENCE OF DISSOLVED GASES AND GAS BUBBLES ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LITHOTRIPTER SHOCK WAVES IN VITRO 88
INTRODUCTION 88
MATERIAL AND METHODS 88
RESULTS 89
DISCUSSION 91
REFERENCES 92
Chapter 11. A Generalized Simulation Approachto Doppler Flow Measurements 94
1 Introduction 94
2 Simulation Tool 94
3 Signal Processing 94
4 Simulation Results 95
5 Experimental Verification of FM Doppler 97
6 Conclusions 97
7 Acknowledgements 97
8 References 97
Chapter 12. ULTRASONIC CHARACTERISATION OF AERATED FOODSTUFFS 98
INTRODUCTION 98
REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS 99
SAMPLE PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION 99
RESULTS 99
CONCLUSIONS 100
ACKNOWLEDGEMENre 100
REFERENCES 100
Chapter 13. ULTRASONIC NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF THE MATURITY AND QUALITY OF FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 102
ABSTRACT 102
INTRODUCTION 102
MATERIALS AND METHODS 103
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 103
CONCLUSIONS 104
REFERENCES 104
Chapter 14. THE STUDY OF ISOLATION OF EFFECTIVE COMPOSITIONS FROM TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINES BY ULTRASOUND 106
INTRODUCTION 106
THE ISOLATION OF HELICID USING ULTRASOUND 106
THE ISOLATION 0F BERBERINE HYDROCHLORIDE USING ULTRASOUND 108
THE ISOLATION OF BERGENIN USING ULTRASOUND 108
CONCLUT10N 109
REFERENCES 109
Chapter 15. DNA DISRUPTURE INDUCED BY ULTRASOUND AS USEFULL TOOL IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. 110
INTRODUCTION 110
MATERIAL AND METHODS 110
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 111
CONCLUSION. 112
REFERENCES 112
Chapter 16 
114 
INTRODUCTION 114
ARTEFACTS 114
DISCUSSION 116
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 117
REFERENCES 117
Chapter 17. THE USE OF ULTRASOUND PULSE VELOCITY FOR STUDYING TISSUE DEVELOPMENT IN CEREAL PLANT STEMS 118
INTRODUCTION 118
EXPERIMENTAL 118
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 119
CONCLUSIONS 120
REFERENCES 121
Chapter 18. ULTRASONIC CHARACTERISATION OF EMULSIONS 122
INTRODUCTION 122
THEORY 122
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 123
APPLICATIONS 123
CONCLUSIONS 124
REFERENCES 124
Chapter 19. ULTRASONIC MONITORING OF MELTING/CRYSTALLIZATION IN EMULSIONS 126
INTRODUCTION 126
MATERIALS AND METHODS 126
RESULTS 127
DISCUSSION 127
CONCLUSIONS 128
REFERENCES 128
Chapter 20. NOVEL ALGORITHM FOR STRONG ACOUSTO-OPTIC INTERACTION : APPLICATION TO A PHASE- PROFILED SOUND COLUMN. 130
INTRODUCTION. 130
ALGORITHM 130
REFERENCES 133
Chapter 21. DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS OF AN HYBRID ACOUSTO-OPTIC DIGITAL PROCESSOR. 134
INTRODUCTION. 134
TRANSVERSAL FILTERING. 134
THE ACOUSTO-OPTIC CONVOLVER 134
ALGORITHM PRINCIPLE. 135
SYSTEM REALIZATION. 136
EXPERIMENTATIONS 136
CONCLUSION 137
REFERENCES 137
Chapter 22. VISUALIZATION OF ACOUSTIC PHASE CONJUGATE WAVES 138
ACOUSTIC PHASE CONJUGATION 138
NONLINEAR ELECTROACOUSTIC INTERACTION 138
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 139
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 139
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 140
REFERENCES 141
Chapter 23. INVESTIGATION OF AMPLITUDE AMD PHASE OF LIGHT DIFFRACTED BY AN ULTRASONIC WAVE. 142
INTRODUCTION 142
ELEMENTARY CONSIDERATION 142
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND THE RESULTS 143
CONCLUSIONS 144
ADDITIONAL REMARK 144
BIBLIOGRAPHY 144
Chapter 24. A Spatio-Temporal Fourier-Transform Approach to Acoustooptic Interaction of Light Beamswith Periodic Pulse Sound Train 146
INTRODUCTION 146
GENERAL THEORY 146
DISCUSSION 149
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 149
REFERENCES 149
Chapter 25. ACOUSTOOPTIC MODULATOR FOR UNCOLLIMATED WHITE LIGHT 150
INTRODUCTION 150
ACOUSTOOPTIC MODULATOR FOR UNCOLLIMATED WHITE LIGHT 150
CONCLUSION 151
REFERENCES 151
Chapter 26. EVALUATION OF ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUES BY VISUALIZATION OF ULTRASOUND IN WATER AND IN TRANSPARENT SOLIDS 154
INTRODUCTION 154
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 154
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 155
CONCLUSION 157
REFERENCES 157
Chapter 27. INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN A PHASE-SHIFTED SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE RESONATOR 158
INTRODUCTION 158
GENERAL ANALYSIS OF SHIFTED SAW RESONATOR 158
THE p/2-SHIFTED RESONATOR 160
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION AND CONCLUSIONS 160
REFERENCES 161
Chapter 28. ACOUSTO OPTIC MULTIFREQUENCY MODULATION FOR A HIGH DEFINITION LASER VIDEOPROJECTOR. 162
INTRODUCTION 162
HDTV VIDEOPROJECTOR 162
RESULTS 163
REFERENCES 163
Chapter 29. INVESTIGATION OP CHOLESTERIC LIQUID CRYSTALS IN THE BRAGG REFLECTION REGION BY PHOTOACOUSTIC METHOD 166
INTRODUCTION 166
THEORETICAL MODEL 167
RESULTS OP NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 169
CONCLUSION 169
REFERENCES 170
Chapter 30. DIRECT ACOUSTO-OPTÏCAL MAESUREMENT OF CONTINUOUS AND PULSED ULTRASOUND USING RAMAN-NATH DIFFRACTION OF CONVERGENT LIGHT 172
INTRODUCTION 172
THEORETICAL MODEL 172
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 174
REFERENCES 175
Chapter 31. LASER HETERODYNE INTERFEROMETER APPLIED TO THE MEASUREMENT OF PULSED ULTRASONIC PRESSURES IN FLUIDS 176
INTRODUCTION 176
PRINCIPLE OF THE HETERODYNE INTERFEROMETRIC METHOD 177
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 178
CONCLUSION 178
REFERENCES 178
Chapter 32. ON NATURE OF SOEOLUMHOESCENCE AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS IN ACOUSTIC FIELDS. 180
REFERENCES 183
Chapter 33. SEPARATION OF DISPERSED PARTICLES BY DRIFTING ULTRASONIC RESONANCE FIELDS 186
INTRODUCTION 186
THE PRINCIPLE 187
THE EXPERIMENT 188
SUMMARY 189
REFERENCES 189
Chapter 34. DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASONIC AEROSOL GENERATORS 190
INTRODUCTION 190
II FOUNTAIN ATOMIZATION 191
III STUDIES ON TRANSFERENCE OF CONTAMINATION 192
IV CONCLUSION 194
REFERENCES 195
Chapter 35. NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN PULSED SOUND BEAMS 196
INTRODUCTION 196
METHOD 197
RESULTS 197
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 198
REFERENCES 198
Chapter 36. PROPAGATION OF ACOUSTIC WAVES, NONLINEAR EFFECTS AND ACOUSTOMAGNETIC RECORDING IN POLYCRYSTALLINK FERRITES 200
INTRODUCTION 200
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 200
REFERENCES 202
Chapter 37. HIGHER ORDER ACOUSTIC NONLINEARTTIES 204
INTRODUCTION 204
POLARIZATION TECHNIQUE 204
BENDING STRESS TECHNIQUE 206
CONCLUSIONS 207
REFERENCES 207
Chapter 38. THE USE OP YTTRIUM-RARE EARTH ALUMINIUM GARNET SOLID SOLUTION FOR BULK ACOUSTIC MICROWAVE (BAMW) DEVICES 208
I. INTRODUCTION 208
II. The experimental te clinique 209
III. Experimental results and discussion. 209
IV. CONCLUSION. 210
REFERENCES 211
Chapter 39. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SCHOLTE STONELEY VAVE DIFFRACTION BY A DIHEDRAL 212
INTRODUCTION 212
INTERFACE WAVES 212
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 213
PROSPECTS 213
EXPERIMEINTAL RESULTS 214
CONCLUSION 214
REFERENCES 214
Chapter 40. ACOUSTIC SCATTERING FROM CYLINDRICAL SHELLS BOUNDED BY HEMISPHERICAL ENDCAPS 216
INTRODUCTION 216
NORMAL INSONIFICATION 216
PARALLEL INSONIFICATION 217
CONCLUSION 217
REFERENCES 217
Chapter 41. ITERATIVE METHODS FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF STRONG INHOMOGENEITIES BY THE DATA OF ACOUSTIC SCATTERING 220
INTRODUCTION 220
BASIC EQUATIONS 220
ITERATIVE ALGORITHMS FOR THE MEDIUM–STRENGTH SCATTERERS RECONSTRUCTION 221
RECONSTRUCTION OF STRONG INHOMOGENEITIES 223
CONCLUSION 225
REFERENCES 225
Chapter 42. EQUIVALENT ELASTIC AND PIEZOELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES 226
INTRODUCTION 226
EQUIVALENT MATERIAL CONSTANTS 226
ACCURACY OF THE APPROXIMATION 229
CONCLUSIONS 229
REFERENCES 229
Chapter 43. INTERFACE WAVES (of Rayleigh, Stoneley or Stoneley-Scholte types) in LAYERED MEDIA. PECULAR CASE OF QUASI-PERIODICAL STRUCTURES. 232
INTRODUCTION 232
THEORETICAL STUDY 232
NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS FOR VELOCITY DISPERSION CURVE 233
MAIN NUMERICAL RESULTS 234
REFERENCES 234
Chapter 44.THE ANALYSIS OF THE SEMICONDUCTOR – LOW LOSS DIELECTRIC BAW LAYERED RESONATOR STRUCTURES 236
INTRODUCTION 236
THEORY 236
REFERENCES 239
Chapter 45. ACOUSTIC RESONANCE EXCITATION OF INTERFACE WAVES ON A VISCOUS COMPLIANT COATING SUBJECT TO A FLUID FLOW 240
INTRODUCTION 240
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 241
REFERENCES 242
Chapter 46. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE RADIATION OF TRANSIENT ULTRASONIC WAVES IN SOLID MEDIA. 244
INTRODUCTION 244
THEORY 244
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 245
CONCLUSION 246
REFERENCES 246
Chapter 47. REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION FIELDS OF FOCUSED ULTRASONIC WAVES 248
INTRODUCTION 248
METHOD OF COMPUTATION 248
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 249
CONCLUSION 250
REFERENCES 250
Chapter 48. ANALYSIS OF HEXAGONAL CRYSTAL CLADDED ACOUSTIC FIBERS 252
INTRODUCTION 252
WAVE EQUATION 252
MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DISPLACEMENT COMPONENTS 254
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND DISPERSION EQUATION 255
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 256
REFERENCES 256
Chapter 49. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF RAYLEIGH WAVE GENERATION AT A SURFACE PIT WITH COMPRESSION WAVE INCIDENCE 258
INTRODUCTION 258
EXPERIMENTS 258
CONCLUSIONS 260
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 260
REFERENCES 260
Chapter 50. ON THE ATTENUATION OF ULTRASOUND BY AIR BUBBLES IN RELATION TO THEIR STABILIZATION 262
EXPERIMENTAL 262
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 263
CONCLUSIONS 264
REFERENCES 264
Chapter 51. IDENTIFICATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED ELASTIC SHELLS VIA SELECTED RESONANCE FEATURES IN THEIR ACOUSTIC ECHOES 266
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 266
GENERALIZATIONS TO SUBMERGED SHELLS. NUMERICAL RESULTS. 267
REFERENCES 269
Chapter 52. ACOUSTIC WAVEGUIDING RODS OF GRADED VELOCITYPROFILES 270
INTRODUCTION 270
ACOUSTIC VELOCITY PROFILE MEASUREMENTS 270
VISUALIZATION OF FOCUSSING BEHAVIORS OF GRIN RODS 271
CONCLUSIONS 272
REFERENCES 272
Chapter 53. A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE SURFACE WAVES OF HIGH-Te SYPERCONDUCTING SINGLE CRYSTALS 276
INTRODUCTION 276
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 276
REFERENCES 279
Chapter 54. Ultrasonic Measurements on Silica- and OrganicAerogels 280
Abstract 280
1 INTRODUCTION 280
2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 281
3 MEASUREMENTS AND DISCUSSION 281
References 283
Chapter 55. ULTRASONIC STUDY OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS 284
ABSTRACT 284
INTRODUCTION 284
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES. 285
NUCLEATI0N PROCESS 286
REFERENCES 287
Chapter 56. ENHANCEMENT OF SCHLIEREN AND PHOTOELASTIC IMAGES OF ULTRASONIC PULSES BY COMPUTER IMAGE PROCESSING – TOWARDS QUANTITATIVE FIELD CHARACTERISATION 288
INTRODUCTION 288
EXPERIMENTS 289
RESULTS 290
CONCLUSIONS 291
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 291
REFERENCES 291
Chapter 57. RAYLEIGH WAVE SCATTERING FROM SEMI-CIRCULAR DEPRESSIONS 294
NUMERICAL MODELS 294
RESULTS 296
REFERENCES 297
Chapter 58. Non specular effects of reflection and transmission at an immersed viscoelastic - anisotropic layer. 298
Introduction 298
I) Theory 298
II) Results 299
Conclusion 300
References 300
Chapter 59. A SUMMARY OF ALL FORCES ACTING ON SPHERICAL PARTICLES IN A SOUND FIELD 302
INTRODUCTION 302
THE THEORY 302
THE EFFECT 304
CONCLUSION 305
REFERENCES 305
Chapter 60. SAW PROPAGATION IN STRONG ELECTRIC FIELD 306
INTRODUCTION 306
THEORY AND COMPUTATIONS 306
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 307
CONCLUSION 308
REFERENCES 309
Chapter 61. CONTROLLED DIRECTIVITY OF THE ULTRASONIC WAVES GENERATED BY LASER IMPACT 310
INTRODUCTION 310
ROSE MODEL OF THE THERMOELASTIC SOURCE 310
RESULTS 312
CONCLUSION 312
REFERENCES 312
Chapter 62. ABSORPTION OF ONE-CYCLE FINITE-AMPLITUDE SOUND IN A DISSIPATIVE FLUID 314
INTRODUCTION 314
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR THE FINITE-AMPLITUDE PLANE SOUND 314
SOUND ENERGY DENSITY AND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT 315
COMPARISON WITH THE THEORIES OF LOSSLESS FLUID 316
CONCLUSION 317
REFERENCES 317
Chapter 63. IS IT POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE ALL INDEPENDENT ELASTIC CONSTANTS FROM THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE ANGULAR DEPENDENCE OF VELOCITY OF SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES ON BASAL PLANE OF SINGLE CRYSTALS ? 318
REFERENCE 321
Chapter 64. REFLECTION OF THE RAYLEIGH WAVES FROM THE HEAVY STRIP 322
REFERENCES 324
Chapter 65. VISUALIZATION OF RELATIVE DELAYS IN TRANSIENT SPATIAL PATTERNS GENERATED BY DISCONTINUOUS RADIATING SURFACES 326
INTRODUCTION 326
DELAY VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUE IN SPATIAL PATTERNS 327
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 327
CONCLUSIONS 327
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 327
REFERENCES 328
Chapter 66. OBLIQUE SCATTERING FROM A SOLID CYLINDER IMMERSED IN VATER 330
SUMMARY 330
INTRODUCTION 330
RESULTS 330
CONCLUSION 332
BIBLIOGRAPHY 332
Chapter 67. MELT TEMPERATURE OSCILLATIONS IN THE ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS-INTRODUCED CRYSTAL GROWTH TECHNIQUE 334
INTRODUCTION 334
EXPERIMENTAL 335
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 335
CONCLUSION 336
REFERENCES 336
Chapter 68. OPTIMUM CUTS FOR SOME THICKNESS OR LATERAL ELECTRIC FIELD DRIVEN PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS. 338
INTRODUCTION 338
SEARCH FOR HIGH COUPLING CUTS 338
APPLICATION TO WAVE GENERATION 340
CONCLUSION 341
REFERENCES 341
Chapter 69. ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE MATCHING SYSTEMS IN THE LOW ULTRASONIC REGION WITH POROUS INORGANIC SI02–AEROGELS 342
BASIC PROPERTIES OF SI02-AEROGEL 342
AEROGEL QUARTERWAVE LAYERS 342
IMPEDANCE GRADIENT SYSTEMS 344
REFERENCES 345
Chapter 70. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SURFACE VIBRATIONAL PATTERNS OF ACOUSTICALLY RADIATING STRUCTURES USING THE ANGULAR SPECTRUM METHOD 346
INTRODUCTION 346
THE ANGULAR SPECTRUM METHOD 347
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 347
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 348
CONCLUSIONS 348
REFERENCES 349
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 349
Chapter 71. THICKNESS DIRECTION MEASUREMENTS IN PAPER MATERIALS USING ULTRASONIC SENSORS IMMERSED IN WATER-FILLED WHEELS 350
INTRODUCTION 350
MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES 350
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 352
RESULTS 352
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 353
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 353
REFERENCES 353
Chapter 72. DUAL-FREQUENCY ARRAY 354
INTRODUCTION 354
RANDOMIZED ARRAY 355
ADAPTIVE BEAMFORMING 355
CONCLUSIONS 357
REFERENCES 357
Chapter 73. A BISPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF SOUND RADIATED FROM A PARAMETRIC ACOUSTIC ARRAY 358
INTRODUCTION 358
SECONDARY PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON ACOUSTIC AXIS 358
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NONLINEAR EFFECT 359
CONCLUSIONS 360
REFERENCES 360
Chapter 74. NONLINEAR PRESSURE FIELDS OF FOCUSED TRANSDUCERS : THEORY AND EXPERIMENT 362
I - INTRODUCTION 362
II - THEORY 362
III - EXPERIMENTAL SET UP 363
IV - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 363
V - CONCLUSION 364
REFERENCES 364
Chapter 75. FIBRE OPTIC SENSOR SYSTEM 366
INTRODUCTION 366
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE AND COMPARISON METHOD 366
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 367
REFERENCES 369
Chapter 76. A FIBER-OPTIC UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC SENSOR USING A STABILIZED ZEEMAN LASER 370
INTRODUCTION 370
EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 370
MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS 371
CONCLUSION 371
REFERENCES 371
Chapter 77. LASER SOURCE PARAMETER SELECTION AND ARRAY CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENHANCING DETECTION SENSITIVITY IN LASER ULTRASONIC SYSTEMS 374
INTRODUCTION 374
TEMPORAL MODULATION OF THE LASER SOURCE 375
SOURCE WIDTH EFFECTS 376
RESTRICTIONS ON "BEAM STEERING" BY LASER ARRAYS 376
REFERENCES 377
Chapter 78. AIR-COUPLED PIEZOELECTRIC DETECTION OF LASER-GENERATED ULTRASOUND 378
INTRODUCTION 378
APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENT 379
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 379
REFERENCES 380
Chapter 79. THEORETICAL MODELING OF MULTIPLE PIEZOELECTRIC COMPOSITES 382
INTRODUCTION 382
SAMPLES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 382
SINGLE COMPOSITES MODEL 383
DOUBLE COMPOSITES MODEL 383
CONCLUSIONS 384
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 384
REFERENCES 384
Chapter 80. The Modelling, Design and Applications of Controllable Composite Transducers. 386
Introduction 386
Theoretical Approach Adopted. 387
Design of Application Specific Transducers 387
Experimental Assessment 388
Conclusions 389
References 389
Chapter 81. FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS USING THE ATILA CODE 390
INTRODUCTION 390
THE ATELA CODE 390
ANALYSIS OF A LENGTH EXPANDER TRANSDUCER 391
ANALYSIS OF A LiNbO3 BAR 392
CONCLUSION 392
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS 393
REFERENCES 393
Chapter 82. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL OF ACTIVE MULTI-LAYERED PIEZO-POLYMER TRANSDUCER STRUCTURES 394
INTRODUCTION 394
MODELLING CAPABILITIES 395
EVALUATION OF MODEL 396
CONCLUDING REMARKS 397
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 397
REFERENCES 397
Chapter 83. 100 MHz Band Ultrasonic Array Transducers Utilizing Epitaxially Grown ZnO films 398
INTRODUCTION 398
FABRICATION OF A 100 MHz BAND ULTRASONIC ARRAY TRANSDUCER 399
TRANSDUCER EFFICIENCY OF THE ELEMENTS 400
CONCLUSION 401
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 401
REFERENCES 401
Chapter 84. AN INTEGRATED MATCHING NETWORK FOR HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSDUCERS 402
INTRODUCTION 402
REFERENCES 404
Chapter 85. UHF RANGE LOW-LOSS WIDE BAND SAW FILTER USING NEW UNIDIRECTIONAL TRANSDUCER STRUCTURES WITH FLOATING ELECTRODES 406
INTRODUCTION 406
LOW LOSS FILTERS USING UNIDIRECTIONAL INTERDIGITAL TRANSDUCERS 407
NEW GROUP-TYPE UNIDIRECTIONAL TRANSDUCERS 408
References 408
Chapter 86. PVDF HYDROPHONE FOR IK VIVO ULTRASOUND EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT 410
INTRODUCTION 410
CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROPHONE 410
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYDROPHONE 412
SCOPE FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 413
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 413
REFERENCES 413
Chapter 87. CHARACTERISATION OF THIN FILMS IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE IMPEDANCE MATCHING WITH LIQUID HELIUM 414
INTRODUCTION 414
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 414
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 415
APPARENT TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS 416
ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 416
REFERENCES 416
Chapter 88. THREE DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPLEX PARAMETERS OF PIEZOCERAMIC DISKS USING AN IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE 418
I - INTRODUCTION 418
II - ANALYTICAL MODELLINGS 418
III - IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE 419
IV - EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 419
V - CONCLUSION 420
REFERENCES 420
Chapter 89. THE JANUS TRANSDUCER FAMILY 422
INTRODUCTION 422
THE CLASSICAL JANUS 423
THE HELMHOLTZ JANUS 423
CONCLUSION 424
REFERENCES 425
Chapter 90. DIFFRACTION LOSS IN ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS ON HALF CYLINDERS AND HALF SPHERES 426
CALCULATION OF THE DIFFRACTION LOSS OF THE HALF CYLINDER 426
CALCULATION OF THE DIFFRACTION LOSS OF THE HALF SPHERE 427
DIFFRACTION LOSS MEASUREMENTS ON HALF CYLINDERS 429
CONCLUSION 429
REFERENCES 429
Chapter 91. ULTRASONIC AIR-BORNE TRANSDUCERS WITH VIBRATION PLATES IN STRIPE MODES 430
INTRODUCTION 430
ULTRASONIC AIR-BORNE TRANSDUCER - TYPE I. 430
ULTRASONIC AIR-BORNE TRANSDUCER - TYPE II 431
CONCLUSION 431
REFERENCES 432
Chapter 92. APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD TO THE MODELING OF 2D AND 3D PASSIVE OR ACTIVE PERIODIC STRUCTURES. 434
INTRODUCTION 434
THEORETICAL FORMULATION 435
RESULTS 435
CONCLUSION 437
REFERENCES 437
Chapter 93. DETERMINATION OF TRANSIENT DEFORMATIONS ON THE ACTIVE SURFACE OF N.D.E. ULTRASONIC ELEMENTS 438
INTRODUCTION 438
PROBLEM ANALYSIS 438
RESULTS 439
CONCLUSION 440
REFERENCES 440
Chapter 94. PRECISE POSITIONING SYSTEM USE OF A HYBRID TRANSDUCER TYPE ULTRASONIC MOTOR 442
1. INTRODUCTION 442
2. PRINCIPLE OF POSITIONING BY TWO-MODE OPERATION 442
3. TWO-MODE OPERATION 443
4. CONCLUSION 444
REFERENCE 444
Chapter 95. THE MICROHAMMER ULTRASONIC POINT SOURCE 446
INTRODUCTION 446
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 446
CHARACTERIZATION 448
APPLICATIONS 448
CONCLUSIONS 449
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 449
REFERENCES 449
Chapter 96. PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER ANALYSIS USING THE TRANSFER MATRIX METHOD AND A VERSATILE COMPUTER CODE : ASTRE. 450
INTRODUCTION 450
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 451
THE TRANSFER MATRIX METHOD 451
SIMULATION OF LOSSES 452
TRANSDUCER ANALYSIS 453
Chapter 97. A STUDY ON A TRANSDUCER-STEPPED TYPE SOLID HORN SYSTEM FOR FLEXURAL MODE ULTRASONIC HIGH POWER TRANSDUCER WITH ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSTRUCTION 454
INTRODUCTION 454
DERIVATION OF THE DESIGNING PROCEDURE 454
TRIAL FABRICATION OF A TRANSDUCER-HORN SYSTEM AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS 456
CONCLUSION 456
REFERENCES 456
Chapter 98. NEW HOLLOW CYLINDER TYPE VIBRATING TOOL WITH LARGE DIAMETER FOR ULTRASONIC PLASTICS WELDING 458
INTRODUCTION 458
CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW VIBRATING TOOL 458
ANALYSIS OF A SHORT COLUMN 458
DESIGN OF A HOLLOW CYLINDER WITH LONGITUDINAL MODE VIBRATION 460
DESIGN, TRIAL FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF A TOOL 460
CONCLUSION 460
REFERENCE 461
Chapter 99. Ultrasonic transmission of adhesively bonded structures for large FD. 462
Introduction. 462
Thomson-Haskell method with bulk heterogeneous waves. 462
Thin layer with adjustable elastic properties ( aepl). 463
Multiple reflections/transmissions through the adherent. 464
Concluding remarks : 465
References : 465
Chapter 100. ULTRASONIC TESTING OF ADHESIVLEY BONDED LAYERS USING SHEAR WAVES 466
INTRODUCTION 466
THEORY 466
METHOD 467
RESULTS 467
CONCLUSION 468
FUTURE WORK 468
REFERENCES 468
Chapter 101. THE REFLECTION OF ULTRASOUND FROM EMBEDDED INTERFACE LAYERS INADHESIVE JOINTS 470
INTRODUCTION 470
THE DETECTABILITY OF FAULTY INTERFACES IN ADHESIVE JOINTS 470
TESTS DURING CURE AT NORMAL INCIDENCE 471
CONCLUSIONS 472
REFERENCES 472
Chapter 102. NON DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF BONDED ASSEMBLIES USING ULTRASONIC WAVES. 474
INTRODUCTION 474
PLATE WAVES 474
HIGH FREQUENCY LONGITUDINAL AND SHEAR BULK WAVES. 476
CONCLUSION 476
REFERENCES 476
Chapter 103. SENSITIVITY OF INVERSION ALGORITHMS FOR RECOVERING ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF ANISOTROPIC SOLIDS FROM LONGITUDINAL WAVESPEED DATA 478
INTRODUCTION 478
ANALYSIS 478
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS 480
CONCLUSIONS 481
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 481
REFERENCES 481
Chapter 104. FINITE ELEMENT APPLICATIONS IN NDE ENGINEERING 482
INTRODUCTION 482
APPLICATIONS 482
CONCLUSIONS 485
REFERENCES 485
Chapter 105. ENHANCEMENT OF THE TIME RESOLUTION IN ECHOGRAMS USING DIGITAL SIGNALPROCESSING TECHNIQUES. 486
INTRODUCTION 486
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 486
SIMULATION RESULTS 487
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 487
CONCLUSION 488
REFERENCES 488
Chapter 106. ULTRASONIC REFLECTION TOMOGRAPHY, SOME RESULTS IN BME. AND NDE. 490
BASIC PRINCIPLE 490
SOME IMPROVEMENTS FOR BME APPLICATIONS 491
APPLICATION TO NDE 491
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS 491
RESULTS 492
REFERENCES 492
Chapter 107. AUTOMATIC STABILIZATION OF A FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER FOR A LASER-ULTRASOUND C-SCAN IMAGING SYSTEM 494
INTRODUCTION 494
INTERFEROMETER INSTABILITY 495
AUTOMATIC STABILISATION 495
REFERENCES 496
Chapter 108. A MONITORING OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING ROTOR BY ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS 498
INTRODUCTION 498
ROTATING SCM AND AE MONITORING SYSTEM 498
COOL DOWN OF THE ROTOR AND AE 499
ROTATING SPEED-UP AND AE VARIATIONS 499
ENERGIZING AND QUENCH OF THE ROTOR AND AE 499
DISCUSSION 500
CONCLUSION 500
Reference 500
Chapter 109. R.W.B. STEPHENS - IN MEMORIAM ACOUSTIC EMISSION TECHNIQUES IN WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 502
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 505
REFERENCES 505
Chapter 110. THE LAMB MODES OF AN ALUMINUM PLATE COATED WITH A POLYMER LAYER 506
INTRODUCTION 506
CHARACTERISATION OF THE COMPONENTS 506
LAMB MODES OF THE BILAYERS 507
REFERENCES 508
Chapter 111. THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF LAMB WAVE INTERACTION WITH DEFECTS 510
INTRODUCTION 510
NUMERICAL PREDICTIONS 510
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 511
CONCLUSIONS 512
REFERENCES 512
Chapter 112. THE GENERALIZED STONELEY WAVE ON CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 514
REFERENCES 517
Chapter 113. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF ULTRASONIC WAVES FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMALLY TREATED WOOD 518
INTRODUCTION 518
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 518
EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE 519
RESULTS 519
CONCLUSION 520
REFERENCES 520
Chapter 114. ULTRASONIC STUDY OF DAMAGE EVOLUTION ON CREEPED STEEL 522
INTRODUCTION 522
THEORETICAL MODELS 523
EXPERIMENTAL WORK 523
DISCUSSION 524
REFERENCES 524
Chapter 115. DIFFUSE ULTRASOUND IN POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 526
INTRODUCTION 526
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND DATA REDUCTION 527
CONCLUSIONS 529
REFERENCES 529
Chapter 116. INDICATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF ULTRASOUND DISPERSION IN COMPOSITES BY A TIME FREQUENCY REPRESENTATION 530
INTRODUCTION 530
TIME FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF A CONCENTRATED POROSITY 530
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF TIME FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF THE SIGNAL TRAMSMITTED THROUGH A COMPOSITE AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE 531
REFERENCES 532
Chapter 117. THE USE OF ULTRASONIC PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS AS THE BASIS FOR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS 534
INTRODUCTION 534
BACKGROUND 535
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 535
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 536
CONCLUSION 537
REFERENCES 537
Chapter 118. ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS 538
INTRODUCTION 538
TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 539
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION 540
CONCLUSIONS 540
REFERENCES 541
Chapter 119. EXCITATION OF UNIFORM FLEXÜRAL PROGRESSIVE WAVES ON A LARGE RECTANGULAR PLATE 542
INTRODUCTION 542
PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD 543
EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM 543
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 544
CONCLUDING REMARKS 544
REFERENCES 545
Chapter 120. OPTIMISATION OF ULTRASOUND ADHESIVE BOND TESTING METHODS USING NUMERICAL MODELING 546
INTRODUCTION 546
THE NUMERICAL MODEL 546
THE INDUSTRIAL PROBLEM 547
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 548
CONCLUSION 548
REFERENCES 548
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 548
Chapter 121. WOOD COMPOSITES ANISOTROPY WITH TWO ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUES· 550
1.INTRODUCTION. 550
2.THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS. 550
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE. 551
4. RESULTS. 551
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS. 553
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. 553
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 553
Chapter 122. ATTENUATION OF ULTRASOUND IN SOLID WOOD 554
INTRODUCTIO 554
METHODS AND MATERIALS. 554
RESULTS 555
Chapter 123. ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 560
INTRODUCTION 560
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION1) 561
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS 562
CONCLUSION 563
REFERENCES 563
Chapter 124. EVALUATION OP STRUCTURAL FACTORS VACUUM MELTED STEEL BY ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION TECHNIQUE IN THE RAILWAY AXLES 566
INTRODUCTION 566
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 566
DISCUSSION 567
CONCLUSION 568
REFERENCES 568
Chapter 125. LASER GENERATED RAYLEIGH WAVES : APPLICATION TO MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION 570
INTRODUCTION 570
ULTRASONIC WAVE INTERACTION WITH MATERIAL 570
CONCLUSION 571
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 571
REFERENCES 572
Chapter 126. INFLUENCE OF WATER OR PLASTER FILLING DIFFERENT SHELLS ON SEVERAL WAVES. 574
CONCLUSION 575
BIBLIOGRAPHY 575
Chapter 127. s Embrittlement Estimation of Duplex Phase Stainless SteelUsing Ultrasonic Backscattering 578
INTRODUCTION 578
MATERIALS 578
THEORETICAL ESTIMATION 579
EXPERIMENT 579
CONCLUSION 580
REFERENCES 581
Chapter 128. MODELLING STUDY OF ULTRASONIC PROPAGATION IN BIMETALLIC WELD. 582
INTRODUCTION 582
IN SERVICE INSPECTION(1) 582
A FIRST APPROACH: PROMANIS(2) 583
A MORE COMPLEX APPROACH: ULTSON(3) 584
DISCUSSION 584
CONCLUSIONS 585
REFERENCES 585
Chapter 129. ULTRASONIC SPECTOSCOPY OF CARBON-EPOXY COMPOSITE MATERIALS. 586
INTRODUCTION 586
STUDY OF THE TIME ECHOGRAMS 586
ULTRASONIC SPECTROSCOPY 587
INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS 587
CONCLUSION 587
REFERENCES 588
Chapter 130. ACOUSTIC VISUALIZATION OF IC CHIP INTERNAL STRUCTURES 590
REFERENCES 592
Chapter 131. PROPAGATION OF LASER GENERATED BROADBAND ULTRASONIC WAVES IN THIN COMPOSITE MATERIALS 594
1 INTRODUCTION 594
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 594
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 595
4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 595
5 CONCLUSIONS 596
REFERENCES 596
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 596
Chapter 132. LAMB WAVES IN MULTILAYERED MEDIA 598
THEORIE OF LAMB WAVES 598
EXACT DISPERSION EQUATIONS 599
REFERENCES 600
Chapter 133. NUMERICAL MODELS OF ELASTIC WAVE PROPAGATIONA COMPARISON IN 2D AND 3 D 602
INTRODUCTION 602
TWO MODELS 602
THE COMPARISON 603
CONCLUSIONS 603
REFERENCES 604
Chapter 134. RECONSTRUCTION OF VOLUMETRIC FLAWS USING ULTRASONICBACKSCATTERING DATA 606
INTRODUCTION 606
AREA FUNCTION 606
SPHERICAL VOID AND RADIUS ESTIMATION 607
SPHEROIDAL VOID 608
CONCLUSION 608
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 608
REFERENCES 608
Chapter 135. TRANSFORMATION OF SIGNALS FROM HIGH TO LOW FREQUENCY IN A BUBBLE SCREEN : AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 610
INTRODUCTION 610
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF ACOUSTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BUBBLE SCREEN 611
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATION IN A BUBBLE SCREEN 612
CONCLUSION 613
REFERENCES 614
Chapter 136. ACOUSTIC SPACE INTENSITY SENSOR AND POSSIBILITY OF ITS GEOPHYSICAL APPLICATIONS 616
INTRODUCTION 616
BASIC EQUATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 616
CONCLUSION 619
REFERENCES 619
Chapter 137. IMPROVED ULTRASONIC FLOODED MEMBER DETECTION FOR INSPECTION OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 620
1. INTRODUCTION. 620
2. DESIGN OF AN IMPROVED ULTRASONIC FMD SENSOR. 621
3. EVALUATION OF THE ULTRASONIC FMD SENSOR. 622
4. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND CONCLUSIONS. 623
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 623
REFERENCES 623
Chapter 138. A FOCUSSED ULTRASONIC ARRAY SYSTEM FOR CLEANING OF OFFSHORESTRUCTURES 624
OFFSHORE INSPECTION AND CLEANING 624
ULTRASONIC CLEANING 625
ARRAY SYSTEM DESIGN 625
SYSTEM EVALUATION 626
CONCLUSIONS 627
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 627
REFERENCES 627
Chapter 139. PROPAGATION OF ACOUSTIC SIGNALS THROUGH EDDIES IN THE OCEAN WATER MEDIUM 628
INTRODUCTION 628
METHODS OF INVESTIGATIONS AND RESULTS 628
CONCLUSION 630
REFERENCE 630
Chapter 140. ANALYTICAL SIMULATION STUDIES OF THE ACOUSTIC DIFFRACTION RESULTING FROM THE INSONIFICATION OF SUBMERGED, RIBBED, CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES. 632
THEORY. 632
OBSERVATIONS & CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES 635
Chapter 141. UNDERWATER INFORMATION TRANSMISSION USING SCALE-SPACE FILTERING AND FUZZY INFERENCE 636
INTRODUCTION 636
RECOGNIZING FINGERPRINT USING FUZZY INFERENCE 636
APPLICATION FOR FINGERPRINT PATTERN KEYING 637
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 637
CONCLUSION 638
REFERENCES 638
Chapter 142. THE USE OF STACKING VELOCITY INFORMATION IN IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION 640
INTRODUCTION 640
STACKING VELOCITY INFORMATION 641
METHOD 641
SYNTHETIC DATA 642
GIPPSLAND BASIN DATA 642
CONCLUSIONS 643
REFERENCES 643
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 643
Chapter 143. ULTRASONIC SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS 644
INTRODUCTION 644
PREPROCESSOR 644
MULTILAYER PERCEPTION NETWORK 645
TIME DELAY NEURAL NETWORK 645
RESULTS 645
CONCLUSION 646
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 646
REFERENCES 646
Chapter 144. PHASE-PROCESSING AS A TOOL FOR SPECKLE REDUCTION IN PULSE-ECHO IMAGES 648
PHASE ACKNOWLEDGING TECHNIQUES 648
ZERO ADJUSTMENT CORRECTION PROCEDURE 648
IN-VIVO RESULTS 649
DISCUSSION 651
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 651
REFERENCES 651
Chapter 145. AUTOMATIC MODELING OF ULTRASONIC PHENOMENA 652
INTRODUCTION 652
THEORY 652
EXPERIMENTS 653
CONCLUSIONS 655
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 655
REFERENCES 655
Chapter 146. ULTRASOUND INVERSE SCATTERING TOMOGRAPHY USING EXACT NONLINEAR SOLUTION METHODS 656
INTRODUCTION 656
INVERSE SCATTERING ALGORITHMS 656
SIMULATION RESULTS 658
CONCLUSION 659
REFERENCES 659
Chapter 147. A REAL TIME DECONVOLUTION METHOD FOR ULTRASONIC SIGNALS. 660
I. INTRODUCTION. 660
II. DECONVOLUTION BY SERIES EXPANSION OF THE INVERSE FILTER 661
III. PROPETIES OF THE SEIF DECONVOLUTION. 662
IV EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION. 662
V. CONCLUSION. 662
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. 663
REFERENCES. 663
Chapter 148. BEHAVIOUR OF METALS USED IN POWER ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS AT HIGH-STRAIN AMPLITUDES. 664
INTRODUCTION 664
EXPERIMENTAL SET–UP 664
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 665
CONCLUSIONS 666
REFERENCES 666
Chapter 149. THE EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND ON THE DEGRADATION OF AQUEOUS NATIVE DEXTRAN. 668
INTRODUCTION 668
EXPERIMENTAL 669
DISCUSSION 669
REFERENCES 671
Chapter 150. ULTRASONIC WELDING OF PLASTICS UNDER TORSIONAL VIBRATION MODE. 674
1 INTRODUCTION 674
2 EQUIPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 675
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 676
4 CONCLUSION 676
REFERENCE 677
Chapter 151. ULTRASONIC BUTT WELDING USING A 15 kHz VIBRATION SYSTEM AND A LARGE CAPACITY POWER AMPLIFIER 680
INTRODUCTION 680
ULTRASONIC BUTT WELDING SYSTEM, POWER AMPLIFIER AND WELDING SPECIMENS 680
CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRASONIC VIBRATION SOURCES 681
WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF A 15 kHz BUTT WELDING SYSTEM 681
CONCLUSION 682
REFERENCES 682
Chapter 152. ULTRASONIC VIBRATION PRESS OF POWDERUSING VACUUM CONDITION 684
INTRODUCTION 684
ULTRASONIC VIBRATION AND VACUUM PRESS EQUIPMENT AND COMPACTING POWDER SPECIMENS 684
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 685
CONCLUSION 686
REFERENCES 686
Author Index 688
Keyword Index 692