Triassic-Jurassic Rifting (eBook)

Part A 1
Front Cover 1
Triassic-Jurassic Rifting: Continental Breakup and the Origin of the Atlantic Ocean and Passive Margins, Part A 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 12
Preface 6
List of Contributors 8
Part I: Pangaean plate in time and space 28
Chapter 1. Variscan – Alleghanian orogen 28
ABSTRACT 28
Introduction 28
Variscan front 33
The northern Variscan externides 39
The internides 41
Iberian and other blocks 45
Summary and Conclusions 46
Acknowledgements 48
References 49
Chapter 2. Triassic – Jurassic plate migrations and paleogeographic reconstructions in the Atlantic domain 56
ABSTRACT 56
Introduction 56
Prerift Pangea reconstructions 57
The Early to Middle Triassic paleomagnetic data base 59
The Late Triassic – Early Jurassic paleomagnetic data base 61
Triassic – Jurassic plate migrations in the Atlantic domain 62
Conclusions 64
Acknowledgements 65
References 65
Part II: Basins: North American and African plates 68
Chapter 3. Triassic – Jurassic rifting and opening of the Atlantic: An overview 68
ABSTRACT 68
Introduction 68
Tectonic setting 70
Newark Supergroup 76
Age 79
Structure 80
Basin origin 84
COST wells and postrift unconformity 85
Other marginal basins 87
Multiple rift/drift cycles 88
African plate: Morocco 89
Correlation 92
Early history of the Atlantic margins 93
References 97
Chapter 4. Evolution of rift basins on the continental margin off southern New England 106
ABSTRACT 106
Introduction 106
Rift basins 106
Tectonic evolution 113
Mechanisms of crustal extension 116
Possible mechanisms of uplift 117
Discussion 118
Conclusions 120
Acknowledgements 120
References 121
Chapter 5. Early Mesozoic rift basins and the development of the United States middle Atlantic continental margin 124
ABSTRACT 124
Introduction 124
Area of investigation 126
Buried rift basins 126
Interpretations of selected multichannel seismic reflection profiles 129
Discussion 138
Summary and Conclusions 148
Acknowledgements 149
References 149
Chapter 6. Extensional tectonics, structural styles and stratigraphy of the Mesozoic Grand Banks of Newfoundland 154
ABSTRACT 154
Introduction 154
Geological setting 155
Thin-skinned extension 161
Structural styles 166
Depositional responses to tectonism 174
Discussion 184
Acknowledgements 187
References 188
Chapter 7. Biostratigraphy of the COST G-2 well (Georges Bank): a record of Late Triassic synrift evaporite deposition Liassic doming
ABSTRACT 192
Introduction 192
Summary 193
Discussion 205
Conclusions 206
Acknowledgements 207
References 207
Chapter 8. Paleontology and paleoecology of the Newark Supergroup (early Mesozoic, eastern North America) 210
ABSTRACT 210
Introduction 210
Major environmental categories and their fossils 211
Newark phytoplankton and Zooplankton 232
Extrinsic controls on ecosystem development 232
Acknowledgements 238
References 238
Appendix 244
Chapter 9. Sedimentology of braided-river deposits in Upper Triassic Wolfville redbeds, southern shore of Cobequid Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada 256
ABSTRACT 256
Introduction 256
Sedimentary facies 257
Markov analysis 261
Gravel-sand river: 23 – 117 m at Tennecape 261
Sand river: 95 –152 m at Burntcoat Head and 139 – 158 m at Tennecape 265
Paleoclimate 268
Paleogeography 268
Acknowledgements 271
References 272
Chapter 10. Massive mudstones in basin analysis and paleoclimatic interpretation of the Newark Supergroup 274
ABSTRACT 274
Introduction 274
Types of massive mudstones 276
Vertical sequences containing massive mudstones 289
Discussion 292
References 297
Chapter 11. Mesozoic tectogenesis: development and deformation of 'Newark' rift zones in the Appalachians (with special emphasis on the Hartford basin, Connecticut) 300
ABSTRACT 300
Introduction 300
Mesozoic tectogenesis 301
'Newark' basins 304
The Connecticut rift system 313
Summary 326
References 327
Chapter 12. A foreland-type fold and related structures in the Newark rift basin 332
ABSTRACT 332
Introduction 332
Stratigraphy 333
Fold-related structures 333
Faults 343
Structural history 349
Tectonic setting 350
Conclusions 353
References 354
Chapter 13. Petrology of Mesozoic sandstones in the Newark basin, central New Jersey and adjacent New York 356
ABSTRACT 356
Introduction 356
Objectives 359
Field, laboratory and statistical methods 359
Classification and source areas of the sandstones 361
Diagenesis of the sandstones 365
Summary 372
Acknowledgements 372
References 373
Chapter 14. Structure and hydrocarbon potential of the Gettysburg basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland 376
ABSTRACT 376
Introduction 376
Stratigraphy 378
Igneous rocks 379
Reservoir beds and source rocks 379
Structural geology 380
Discussion and conclusions 388
Acknowledgements 389
References 389
Chapter 15. Late Triassic and Early Jurassic lacustrine sedimentation in the Culpeper basin Virginia 392
ABSTRACT 392
Introduction and geologic setting 392
Fauna and flora 394
Paleoecology 394
Lacustrine facies and depositional environments 397
Facies sequence analysis 412
Paleoenvironmental interpretation 416
Conclusions 418
Acknowledgements 419
References 419
Chapter 16. A gravity and magnetic study of the Triassic Richmond Basin, Virginia 424
ABSTRACT 424
Introduction 424
Geology 425
Gravity 425
Aeromagnetics 434
Integrated interpretation 436
Discussion 441
Acknowledgements 443
References 443
Chapter 17. Late Triassic depositional history of the Richmond and Taylorsville basins, Eastern Virginia 446
ABSTRACT 446
Introduction 446
Stratigraphy 448
Depositional environment 451
Basin evolution 461
Hydrocarbon potential 464
Conclusions 465
Acknowledgements 465
References 465
Chapter 18. A kinematic model for the evolution of Richmond Triassic basin, Virginia 468
ABSTRACT 468
Introduction 468
Methods 472
Conclusion 483
Acknowledgements 483
References 483
Chapter 19. Early Mesozoic faults of the northern Gulf Coastal Plain in the context of opening of the Atlantic Ocean 486
ABSTRACT 486
Introduction 486
Northwest-trending Alabama – Arkansas fault system 487
Tectonic synthesis 493
Acknowledgements 495
References 496
Chapter 20. Triassic sedimentation and rifting in the High Atlas (Morocco) 498
ABSTRACT 498
The Moroccan Triassic: Introduction 498
The Triassic of the High Atlas: stratigraphy and depositional environment 501
Evidence of Triassic extension in the High Atlas 504
Tectonic control to deposition 510
The Moroccan Triassic and the opening of the Atlantic 514
References 516
Chapter 21. A multiple releasing and restraining stepover model for the Jurassic strike-slip basin of the Central High Atlas (Morocco) 520
ABSTRACT 520
Introduction 520
Structural geology of the basin 524
Analog models 534
The model proposed here 539
Acknowledgements 542
References 542
Part B 545
Front Cover 545
Triassic-Jurassic Rifting: Continental Breakup and the Origin of the Atlantic Ocean and Passive Margins, Part B 548
Copyright Page 549
Table of Contents 550
Chapter 22. 
558 
ABSTRACT 558
Introduction 558
Geological setting 559
Deposition and geochemistry of evaporite rocks 561
Evaporites of the western North Atlantic 562
Petrography 571
Geochemistry 572
Evaporites of the eastern North Atlantic 575
Relations of evaporite deposition in the western and eastern North Atlantic 583
Acknowledgements 586
References 586
Chapter 23. Chemical and physical constraints on petrogenesis and emplacement of ENA olivine diabase magma types 590
ABSTRACT 590
Introduction 590
Background 591
Chemistry of olivine diabase dikes 592
Discussion 603
Acknowledgements 609
References 609
Chapter 24. Eastern North American quartz tholeiites: geochemistry and petrology 612
ABSTRACT 612
Introduction 612
High-Ti tholeiites 613
Low-Ti quartz tholeiites 617
Fractionation trends 618
ENA quartz tholeiite distribution 620
Mesozoic igneous rocks of eastern Canada 620
Mesozoic igneous rocks of southern New England 622
Mesozoic igneous rocks of the Mid-Atlantic states 628
Southeastern states (the Culpeper basin) 631
References 635
Chapter 25. Tectonic and paleostress patterns of Mesozoic intrusions in eastern North America 640
ABSTRACT 640
Introduction 640
Dikes and stress in the lithosphere 641
Paleostresses and regional fractures 642
Magmatic trends in regional igneous provinces 643
Modern stresses and paleostresses 648
Mesozoic paleostress patterns 650
References 651
Chapter 26. Base- and precious-metal mineralization associated with igneous and thermally altered rocks in the Newark, Gettysburg, and Culpeper early Mesozoic basins of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia 654
ABSTRACT 654
Introduction 654
Magnetite skarn/replacement deposits 655
Hornfels copper deposits 673
Diabase-hosted vein deposits 675
Geologic factors favorable for mineralization 677
References 678
Chapter 27. 
682 
ABSTRACT 682
Introduction 682
Materials and methods 688
Richmond basin 692
Deep River basin 699
Dan River – Danville basin 701
Farmville and Briery Creek basins 702
Taylorsville basin 703
Other basins 704
History of mining 705
Interpretations and conclusions 706
Acknowledgements 709
References 711
Chapter 28. The level of organic maturity within the Newark basin and its associated implications 716
ABSTRACT 716
Introduction 716
Sampling and analytical procedure 717
Analytical results 718
Discussion 723
Conclusions 727
Acknowledgements 728
References 728
Chapter 29. Early Mesozoic lacustrine petroleum source rocks in the Culpeper basin, Virginia 730
ABSTRACT 730
Geologic setting 730
Geochemistry of lacustrine petroleum source rocks 732
Comparison of Culpeper lacustrine paleoenvironment with modern rift-valley lakes 739
Summary 740
Acknowledgements 741
References 741
Part III: Related Mesozoic Atlantic rift basins 744
Chapter 30. Post-Hercynian plate reorganization in the Tethys and Arctic — North Atlantic domains 744
ABSTRACT 744
Introduction 744
Variscan orogeny 746
Later Hercynian wrench tectonics and Appalachian consolidation 747
Late Permian tectonic remission 752
Triassic rift propagation 754
Triassic Tethys transgression and Arctic regression 756
Early Jurassic rifting and link-up of the Arctic Sea and the Tethys 762
Middle Jurassic crustal separation between Laurasia and Gondwana 764
Atlantic sea-floor spreading and ridge propagation 766
Conclusions 768
Acknowledgements 773
References 773
Chapter 31. Permian and Triassic rift basins of the Iberian Peninsula 781
ABSTRACT 781
Introduction 781
Early Permian 785
Saxonian facies 789
Late Permian and Triassic 789
Late Hercynian – Early Alpine tectonics and the development of the Permian and Triassic basins of Iberia 801
Conclusions 807
Acknowledgements 807
References 807
Chapter 32. The Benue trough: Wrench-fault related basin on the border of the equatorial Atlantic 811
ABSTRACT 811
Introduction 811
Geophysical setting 812
Basin analysis 820
Structural setting 827
Analysis and interpretation of SLAR imagery 833
Discussion 834
References 836
Chapter 33. 
841 
ABSTRACT 841
Introduction 841
Geophysical expression of rifting 842
Tectonic model 845
Conclusions 848
References 849
Chapter 34. Mesozoic rift basins around the northeast Brazilian microplate (Recôncavo – Tucano – Jatobá, Sergipe – Alagoas) 853
ABSTRACT 853
Introduction 853
Evolution of tectonic concepts in the area 855
Precambrian basement structure 856
Sedimentary evolution of the Recôncavo graben 858
Sedimentary evolution of the Sergipe – Alagoas basin 860
Structural framework of the Recôncavo and Southern Tucano grabens 861
Tectonic evolution of the Recôncavo – Tucano rift 867
Structural framework of the Sergipe – Alagoas basin 868
Tectonic evolution of the Sergipe – Alagoas basin 872
Conclusions 877
Acknowledgement 877
References 877
Part IV: Analogs 879
Chapter 35. The structural and stratigraphic evolution of Lake Tanganyika: A case study of continental rifting 879
ABSTRACT 879
Introduction 879
Structural relations 881
Stratigraphic development 888
Discussion 898
Conclusions 898
Acknowledgements 899
References 900
Chapter 36. A review of the relations between the tectonics, sedimentation and petroleum occurrences of the Dead Sea — Jordan rift system 903
ABSTRACT 903
Introduction 903
The tectonic framework 904
The syntectonic sedimentation 917
Petroleum occurrences 923
Conclusions 926
Acknowledgements 927
References 927
Chapter 37. A comparison of the Newark and Rio Grande rift systems and associated magmatism 931
ABSTRACT 931
Introduction 931
Comparison of basins 933
Rift-related magmatism 936
Magma types 937
Origin of Newark rift magmas 940
Origin of Rio Grande rift magmas 942
Comparisons with experimental data 943
Summary and Conclusions 946
References 948
Chapter 38. Modern sedimentation in the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba): a review 953
ABSTRACT 953
Tectonic framework 953
Climate 955
Environments of deposition 960
Porosity and permeability distribution 972
Summary 973
References 974
Chapter 39. The Red Sea: history and associated mineralization 977
ABSTRACT 977
Introduction 977
Upper Cretaceous period 979
Oligocene period 984
Miocene period 988
Pliocene to Recent period 992
Conclusions 997
Acknowledgements 997
References 998
Index 1003