Development Potential of Precambrian Mineral Deposits (eBook)

Front Cover 
1 
The Development Potential of Precambrian Mineral Deposits 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
CHAPTER 1. OPENING STATEMENT 8
CHAPTER 2. METALLOGENY OF THE PRECAMBRIAN WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR EXOGENOUS AND METAMORPHIC PROCESSES 12
REFERENCES 21
CHAPTER 3. REGIONAL TECTONIC STRUCTURES OF THE PRECAMBRIAN AS RELATED TO MINERAL DEPOSITS 24
INTRODUCTION 24
CONCLUSIONS 32
REFERENCES 33
CHAPTER 4. TECTONO-MAGMATIC ACTIVATION OF PRECAMBRIAN STRUCTURES AND THE RELATED MINERALIZATION 36
INTRODUCTION 36
MAIN TYPES OF TECTONO-MAGMATIC ACTIVATION 36
METALLOGENIC FEATURES OF ACTIVATED PRECAMBRIAN STRUCTURES 42
CONCLUSIONS 44
REFERENCES 46
CHAPTER 5. SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY AND METALLOGENY OF STRONGLY METAMORPHOSED PRECAMBRIAN COMPLEXES 48
INTRODUCTION 48
REGIONAL PETROCHEMISTRY OF PRECAMBRIAN FORMATIONS AS A GUIDE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF THEIR PRIMARY NATURE 49
PETROCHEMISTRY AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ORIGINAL NATURE OF STRONGLY METAMORPHOSED PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS 52
RECOGNITION OF METAMORPHOSED WEATHERING CRUST, TAKING KARELIA AS AN EXAMPLE 55
CORUNDITES OF THE ALDAN SHIELD AS METAMORPHOSED LOWER ARCHEAN BAUXITES 58
METAMORPHISM OF SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS AND ORE-FORMING "RESPIRATION" 59
REFERENCES 64
CHAPTER 6. PRECAMBRIAN CARBONACEOUS FORMATIONS AND RELATED ORES 66
BLACK SHALE FORMATIONS 67
ORES IN BL'ACK SHALE FORMATIONS 69
CONCLUSION 74
REFERENCES 79
CHAPTER 7. IRON-BEARING ROCKS OF THE PRECAMBRIAN AND THEIR MINING DEVELOPMENT 82
INTRODUCTION 82
CLASSES OF PRECAMBRIAN IRON ORES 82
IRON ORES - GRADE AND STRUCTURE 91
EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT 92
EVALUATION OF IRON ORES 93
REFERENCES 96
CHAPTER 8. PRECAMBRIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS OP THE USSR 98
CHAPTER 9. COPPER-NICKEL BEARING ROCKS OF THE PRECAMBRIAN AND THEIR CURRENT AND POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT 102
The Role of Copper-Nickel Sulphide Precambrian Deposits in the World Supply of Copper and Nickel 102
The Role of Metal: Sulphur Ratios in Assessing Copper-Nickel Deposits 106
Environments of Copper-Nickel Sulphide Deposits 108
Lover Mafic Copper-Nickel Sulphide Environment 110
REFERENCES 120
CHAPTER 10. PRECAMBRIAN GOLD DEPOSITS 122
INTRODUCTION 122
HISTORY 122
WITWATERSRAND REGION 123
NON-PROTEROZOIC CONGLOMERATE PRECAMBRIAN GOLD DEPOSITS 125
REFERENCES 128
CHAPTER 11. GRAPHITE DEPOSITS OF THE PRECAMBRIAN AND THEIR MINING DEVELOPMENT 130
INTRODUCTION 130
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 130
DESCRIPTION, CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN OF GRAPHITE DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES 137
EXPLORATION AND MINING DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME FOR PRECAMBRIAN GRAPHITE 142
CONCLUSIONS 144
REFERENCES 146
REFERENCES 156
CHAPTER 12. PRECAMBRIAN METAMORPHOGENIC PEGMATITES 164
INTRODUCTION 164
METAMORPHOGENIC PEGMATITE FORMATION 165
EVOLUTION OF PEGMATITES 166
CONCLUSIONS 169
REFERENCES 171
CHAPTER 13. LATE PRECAMBRIAN-CAMBRIAN PHOSPHORITES 172
GENERAL FEATURES 172
PALEOTECTONIC RECONSTRUCTION AND GENETIC SPECULATION 179
CONCLUSIONS 180
REFERENCES 188
CHAPTER I4. PRECAMBRIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS 190
.Introduction 190
Gondite formation - the Madhya Pradesh type 190
Gondite formation - the Ansongo and Nsuta types 191
Terrigenous-carbonate formations - the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly Area 192
Carbonate formation - the Usinsk type 193
Ferruginous-silicic formation - the Minas-Gerais type 194
Ferruginous-silicic formations - the Serra-do-Navio type 194
Ferruginous-silicate formation - the Mato-Grosso type 195
REFERENCES 204
CHAPTER 15. MUSCOVITE, PHLOGOPITE AND VERMICULITE DEPOSITS 206
MUSCOVITE 206
PHLOGOPITE 209
VERMICULITE 209
REFERENCES 211
CHAPTER 1 6. MINERALIZATION IN THE KARAGWE-ANKOLEAN SYSTEM OF NORTH-WEST TANZANIA 212
INTRODUCTION 212
THE PROJECT 212
GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE WEST LAKE REGION 213
MINERALIZATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRUSIONS 216
CONCLUSIONS 217
REFERENCES 222
CHAPTER I7. MINERALIZATION IN THE KARAGWE-ANKOLEAN SYSTEM OF EAST AFRICA-BURUNDI 224
The KBKA Metallogenic Zone 224
Precambrian of Burundi 226
Mineralization 228
Current and Future Exploration Programmes 230
Mineral Resource Development 231
REFERENCES 232
CHAPTER 18. MINERALIZATION IN THE KARAGWE-ANKOLEAN METALLOGENIC ZONE OF SOUTH-WESTERN UGANDA 234
GEOLOGICAL SETTING 234
LITHOLOGY 234
STRUCTURAL PATTERN OF THE REGION 236
METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC MINERALIZATION 237
MINERAL EXPLORATION PROGRAMMES 240
DEVELOPMENT OF DEPOSITS 241
REFERENCES 244
CHAPTER 19. MINERALIZATION IN THE PRECAMBRIAN OF INDIA: CURRENT DEVELOPMENT AND POTENTIAL 246
INTRODUCTION 246
GEOLOGY OF THE PRECAMBRIAN OF INDIA 246
DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORTANT MINERAL DEPOSITS 248
SUPERGENE EPIGENETIC DEPOSITS 251
SYNGENETIC DEPOSITS 251
BAST! MRTAL ORE DEPOSITS 253
ORE DEPOSITS IN THE UPPER PROTEROZOIC OF THE NORTH ANO SOUTH INDIAN SHIELDS 256
ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND EXPLOITATION 261
FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT 263
THE MAIN DIRECTION OF EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES 264
FUTURE PROSPECTS 265
REFERENCES 266
CHAPTER 20. SULPHIDE NICKEL-COPPER DEPOSITS OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA: GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION 274
INTRODUCTION 274
REGIONAL SETTING OF DEPOSITS 275
VOLCANIC-ASSOCIATED NI-CU DEPOSITS 276
DUNITE-ASSOCIATED NI-CU DEPOSITS 278
NI-CU DEPOSITS IN STRATIFORM INTRUSIONS 280
NI-CU DEPOSITS IN SULPHIDIC METASEDIMENTS 280
WEATHERING OF NI-CU ORES 281
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOSSANS 282
GEOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF NI-CU DEPOSITS IN SOIL HORIZONS 283
GEOPHYSICAL EXPRESSION OF NI-CU ORE ENVIRONMENTS 285
EVALUATION 287
EXPLORATION GUIDELINES 287
REFERENCES 309
CHAPTER 21. MAJOR STRATIFORM BASE METAL DEPOSITS OF THE AUSTRALIAN PROTEROZOIC 314
INTRODUCTION 314
AGE AND REGIONAL SETTING 316
TECTONIC MODELS 318
McARTHUR RIVER 320
MOUNT ISA 323
BROKEN HILL 327
CONCLUSIONS 331
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 332
REFERENCES 347
CHAPTER 22. GEOCHMICAL EXPLORATION AND ESTIMATION METHODS FOR PRECAMBRIAN MINERAL DEPOSITS 352
REFERENCES 358
CHAPTER 23. PRINCIPLES OF METALLOGENIC MAPPING IN THE PRECAMBRIAN 360
INTRODUCTION 360
GEOLOGIC AND TECTONIC BASIS OF THE METALLOGENIC MAP 361
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT/MINERAL DEPOSITS RELATIONSHIPS 361
FACTUAL DATA ON THE GENESIS AND DISTRIBUTION OF USEFUL MINERALS 367
INTERPRETATION COMPONENT OF THE METALLOGENIC MAP 369
THE IMPORTANCE OF METALLOGENIC MAPS 370
REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 24. REMOTE SENSING FOR EXPLORATION OF PRECAMBRIAN MINERAL DEPOSITS 372
INTRODUCTION 372
NORTH AMERICAN SHIELD 374
SOUTH AMERICAN SHIELD 375
AFRICAN SHIELD 376
EURASIAN SHIELD 378
INDIAN SHIELD 380
AUSTRALIAN SHIELD 381
SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR RESEARCH 382
REFERENCES 385
CHAPTER 25. THE APPLICATION OF SPACE IMAGERY TO MINERAL EXPLORATION IN THE BALTIC SHIELD 390
INTRODUCTION 390
DATA PROCESSING 391
APPLICATION TO GEOLOGY 392
CONCLUSIONS 396
REFERENCES 402
CHAPTER 26. GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION WITHIN THE PRECAMBRIAN TERRAIN OF SURINAME (GUIANA SHIELD) 404
INTRODUCTION 404
PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES 405
SAMPLING PROCEDURES 405
LABORATORY PROCEDURES 406
DATA PROCESSING 406
GEOLOGY AND METALLOGENESIS OF SURINAME 407
THE GRANULITE FACIES MOBILE BELT AND ASSOCIATED METAMORPHOSED BASIC TO ULTRABASIC INTRUSIVES 407
THE GREENSTONE MAFIC TO ULTRAMAFIC/TONALITE COMPLEX 410
THE HYPABYSSAL GRANITE 412
NORTH-WEST SURINAME 412
OTHER GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 413
CONCLUSIONS 413
CHAPTER 27. MINING DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRECAMBRIAN 416
INTRODUCTION 416
EXPLORATION TARGETS 418
COSTS 420
PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR THE PRACTICING MINING ENGINEER 421
CONCLUSION 425
APPENDIX: INTERREGIONAL SEMINAR ON THE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF PRECAMBRIAN MINERAL DEPOSITS 432
SECRETARIAT OF THE SEMINAR 436
AUTHORS 438