Physics of Selenium and Tellurium (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Physics of Selenium and Tellurium 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PREFACE 10
PART I: KEYNOTE ADDRESS 12
CHAPTER 1. RECENT PROGRESS IN THE PHYSICS OFSELENIUM AND TELLURIUM 14
REFERENCES 28
DISCUSSION 30
PART II: BAND STRUCTURE 32
CHAPTER 2. BAND STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS ONSELENIUM AND TELLURIUM 34
REFERENCES 40
DISCUSSION 41
CHAPTER 3. MAGNETOABSORPTION IN TELLURIUM 42
INTRODUCTION 42
EXPERIMENTAL 43
RESULTS 44
DISCUSSION 52
CONCLUSION 55
REFERENCES 55
DISCUSSION 56
CHAPTER 4. SHUBNIKOV-DE HAAS EFFECT INTELLURIUM 58
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 59
DISCUSSION 61
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 62
REFERENCES 62
DISCUSSION 62
CHAPTER 5. INTERBAND TRANSITION OF HOLES INTELLURIUM 64
INTRODUCTION 64
EXPERIMENTAL 64
RESULTS 65
DISCUSSION 67
REFERENCES 69
CHAPTER 6. TRAPPING LEVELS IN HEXAGONALSELENIUM 70
INTRODUCTION 70
STEADY STATE MEASUREMENTS 72
TRANSIENT MEASUREMENTS 74
REFERENCES 78
DISCUSSION 78
CHAPTER 7. PSEUDOPOTENTIAL BAND STRUCTUREFOR SELENIUM 80
INTRODUCTION 80
THE PSEUDOPOTENTIAL 80
CALCULATION AND RESULTS 82
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 84
REFERENCES 84
DISCUSSION 85
CHAPTER 8. OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND ENERGY BANDSTRUCTURE OF TRIGONAL SELENIUM 86
INTRODUCTION 86
INVESTIGATION OF THE ABSORPTION EDGE 86
REFLECTIVITY IN THE INTERBAND REGION 88
INTRABAND TRANSITIONS IN SELENIUM 93
REFERENCES 94
PART III: CRYSTAL GROWTHAND CHARACTERIZATION 96
CHAPTER 9. IMPURITIES IN SELENIUM-DETECTIONAND INFLUENCE ON PHYSICALPROPERTIES 98
REFERENCES 112
DISCUSSION 113
CHAPTER 10. SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH OF HEXAGONALSELENIUM FROM IMPURITY DOPED MELTS 114
INTRODUCTION 114
THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF LIQUID SELENIUM 114
THE INFLUENCE OF IMPURITIES ON THE MOLECULARSTRUCTURE OF LIQUID SELENIUM 116
EFFECT OF IMPURITIES ON CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS 117
GROWTH FROM THALLIUM-DOPED MELTS 119
GROWTH FROM POTASSIUM-DOPED MELTS 122
CZOCHRALSKI GROWTH FROM HALOGEN-DOPED MELTS 122
CRYSTAL QUALITY AND RESIDUAL IMPURITIES 123
REFERENCES 123
DISCUSSION 124
CHAPTER 11. ETCH PIT STUDIES ON SINGLE CRYSTALSOF HEXAGONAL SELENIUM GROWN FROMTHE MELT AT HIGH PRESSURES 126
INTRODUCTION 126
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 126
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 127
DISCUSSION 138
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 141
REFERENCES 141
APPENDIX ASTANDARD PROJECTIONS AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHICANGLES FOR HEXAGONAL SELENIUM 142
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 144
REFERENCES 144
D I S C U S S I O N 145
CHAPTER 12. THE GROWTH OF SELENIUM SINGLECRYSTALFILMS 146
INTRODUCTION 146
EXPERIMENTAL 147
RESULTS 149
DISCUSSION 160
CONCLUSIONS 164
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 164
REFERENCES 164
DISCUSSION 164
CHAPTER 13. SOLUBILITY AND GROWTH OF TRIGONALSELENIUM FROM AQUEOUS SULFIDESOLUTIONS 166
INTRODUCTION 166
SOLUBILITY METHOD 167
SOLUBILITY RESULTS 168
GROWTH METHOD 169
GROWTH RESULTS 170
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 172
REFERENCES 172
CHAPTER 14. THE MORPHOLOGY AND GROWTH OFTRIGONAL SELENIUM CRYSTALS 174
INTRODUCTION 174
EXPERIMENTAL 175
RESULTS 175
DISCUSSION 185
CONCLUSIONS 187
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 188
REFERENCES 188
CHAPTER 15. THE GROWTH OF a- AND /î-REDMONOCLINIC SELENIUM CRYSTALS ANDAN INVESTIGATION OF SOME OF THEIRPHYSICAL PROPERTIES 190
INTRODUCTION 190
THE GROWTH OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OF MONOCLINICSELENIUM 191
THE GROWTH OF THE HEXAGONAL MODIFICATION OFSELENIUM FROM MONOCLINIC SELENIUM 195
DISCUSSION 197
THE GROWTH KINETICS OF THE HEXAGONAL SELENIUMCRYSTAL FROM THE MONOCLINIC SELENIUM MONOCRYSTALDURING STRUCTURAL CONVERSION 201
EXPERIMENTAL 202
DISCUSSION 202
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MONOCLINICMONOCRYSTAL OF SELENIUM 205
REFERENCES 208
CHAPTER 16. PREPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OFSELENIUM «-MONOCLINIC CRYSTALSGROWN FROM SELENIUM-SATURATED CS2 210
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 214
REFERENCES 214
CHAPTER 17. CRYSTALLIZATION AND VISCOSITY OFVITREOUS SELENIUM 216
INTRODUCTION 216
EXPERIMENTAL 217
DISCUSSION 221
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 222
REFERENCES 222
CHAPTER 18. GROWTH, PERFECTION ANDDAMAGEABILITY OF TELLURIUM SINGLECRYSTALS 224
INTRODUCTION 224
EXPERIMENTAL 224
CHARACTERIZATION AND DISCUSSION 228
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 232
REFERENCES 232
DISCUSSION 233
CHAPTER 19. COORDINATION AND THERMAL MOTIONIN CRYSTALLINE SELENIUM ANDTELLURIUM 234
REFERENCES 240
PART IV: OPTICAL PROPERTIES 242
CHAPTER 20. INFRARED-ACTIVE LATTICE VIBRATIONSIN AMORPHOUS SELENIUM 244
INTRODUCTION 244
PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLES 244
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 245
REFERENCES 249
DISCUSSION 249
CHAPTER 21. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUSAND LIQUID SELENIUM 252
REFERENCES 265
DISCUSSION 265
CHAPTER 22. THE STRUCTURE OF AMORPHOUSSELENIUM FROM INFRAREDMEASUREMENTS 266
INTRODUCTION 266
TRIGONAL SELENIUM 267
a-MONOCLINIC SELENIUM 270
AMORPHOUS SELENIUM 271
DISCUSSION OF THE SPECTRUM OF AMORPHOUS SELENIUM 272
IMPURITY ABSORPTION BANDS IN AMORPHOUS SELENIUM 275
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 277
REFERENCES 277
DISCUSSION 277
CHAPTER 23. THE RAMAN SPECTRUM OF TRIGONAL,a-MONOCLINIC AND AMORPHOUSSELENIUM 280
INTRODUCTION 280
EXPERIMENTAL 280
RESULTS 280
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 286
REFERENCES 286
DISCUSSION 287
CHAPTER 24. THE PHONON SPECTRA OF TRIGONALSELENIUM AND TELLURIUM 288
INTRODUCTION 288
FORCE CONSTANT MODEL AND CALCULATION OFPHONON SPECTRA 289
TWO-PHONON SPECTRA AND COMBINED DENSITYOF STATES 294
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 297
REFERENCES 297
DISCUSSION 297
CHAPTER 25. PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF SELENIUM ANDSELENIUM-TELLURIUM MIXED CRYSTALS 300
REFERENCES 302
DISCUSSION 302
CHAPTER 26. LIGHT BEAM MODULATION INTRIGONAL SELENIUM 304
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 308
REFERENCES 308
CHAPTER 27. INVESTIGATIONS ON CRYSTALLINETELLURIUM AND SOLID AMORPHOUS ANDLIQUID SELENIUM WITH INELASTICNEUTRON SCATTERING 310
INTRODUCTION 310
GENERAL FEATURES OF THE METHOD 310
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT 312
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FOR THE CRYSTALLINEPHASE OF SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM 313
RESULTS FOR THE AMORPHOUS AND LIQUID STATE 315
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 318
REFERENCES 318
DISCUSSION 318
CHAPTER 28. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE LATTICEVIBRATIONS TO THE OPTICAL CONSTANTSOF TELLURIUM 320
INTRODUCTION 320
POINT GROUP SYMMETRY AND NORMAL MODES 320
EXPERIMENTAL 321
ANALYSIS OF THE REFLECTION SPECTRA 322
RICHTERABSORPTION SPECTRA 325
DISCUSSION 326
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 328
REFERENCES 328
PART V: ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 330
CHAPTER 29. INVESTIGATION OF THECHARGE-TRANSFER STATE IN SELENIUMBY THE ELECTRONIC PARAMAGNETICRESONANCE METHOD 332
INTRODUCTION 332
EXPERIMENTAL 332
RESULTS 333
DISCUSSION 339
REFERENCES 345
CHAPTER 30. THE CONDUCTIVITY MECHANISM INMONOCRYSTALLINE SELENIUM 346
REFERENCES 354
DISCUSSION 355
CHAPTER 31. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OFSELENIUM AND SELENIUM-CONTAININGGLASSES AT TEMPERATURES UP TO 1000°C 356
REFERENCES 358
DISCUSSION 358
CHAPTER 32. ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE CONTACTBETWEEN CADMIUM AND A SINGLECRYSTAL SELENIUM FILM 360
INTRODUCTION 360
THEORY 361
FABRICATION OF SINGLE CRYSTAL SELENIUMRECTIFIER UNITS 363
FORMING 366
DYNAMIC CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS 366
STATIC CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS 370
CAPACITANCE AND INCREMENTAL RESISTANCEMEASUREMENTS 374
MEASUREMENTS ON Te-Se-Te STRUCTURES 376
DISCUSSION 377
SUMMARY 379
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 379
REFERENCES 379
DISCUSSION 379
CHAPTER 33. MAGNETOPHONON RESONANCE INTELLURIUM 382
REFERENCES 385
AUTHOR INDEX 386
SUBJECT INDEX 388