Physiology and Pathology of Adaptation Mechanisms (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Physiology and Pathology of Adaptation Mechanisms: Neural – Neuroendocrine – Humoral 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
The Contributors 8
Foreword 10
PART I: DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY PROCESSES 16
Chapter 1. Interrelationships Between the Fetal and Maternal Hypophyseal-Adrenal Axes in Rats and Mice 18
INTRODUCTION 18
THE ROLE OF THE FETAL HYPOPHYSIS IN THE GROWTH OF THE ADRENAL 19
FUNCTIONING OF THE FETAL ADRENAL 21
MATERNAL HORMONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FETAL ADRENAL 22
HYPERTROPHY OF THE FETAL ADRENAL AFTER MATERNAL ADRENALECTOMY 26
CHANGES IN THE SIZE OF THE ADRENAL JUST BEFORE AND JUST AFTER BIRTH 28
THE FEED-BACK MECHANISM IN FETAL AND NEONATAL HYPOPHYSEAL-ADRENAL AXES 32
SUMMARY 35
REFERENCES 36
Chapter 2. Responsiveness of the Pituitary-Adrenocortical System During Embryonic and Early Postnatal Periods of Life 43
I. INTRODUCTION 43
II. RESPONSIVENESS OF THE FETAL PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL SYSTEM 44
III. PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL SYSTEM DURING THE FLRST FEW DAYS OF POSTNATAL LIFE 48
IV. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 51
V. SUMMARY 55
REFERENCES 56
Chapter 3. Development of Metabolic Processes and Their Adaptations During Postnatal Life 63
METABOLIC ADAPTATION TO FOOD CHANGES DURING EARLY LIFE 64
EFFECT OF EARLY NUTRITION ON THE APPEARANCE OF PATHOLOGIC CHANGES LATER IN LIFE 76
REFERENCES 80
Chapter 4. Environmental Factors Influencing Mammalian Growth 89
SUMMARY 99
REFERENCES 99
PART II: THE PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL SYSTEM, ITS REGULATION AND ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS 102
Chapter 5. The Pituitary-Adrenocortical System, its Regulation and Adaptive Functions 104
INTRODUCTION 104
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION OF ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS 110
NEURAL AND NEUROENDOCRINIE COMPONENTS IN REGULATION OF PITUITARY- ACTH SECRETION 113
ACTH RELEASING NEUROHUMORAL FACTORS IN THE CNS 125
HORMONAL AND OTHER POSSIBLE HUMORAL FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF HYPOPHYSEAL-ADRENOCORTICAL ACTIVITIES 130
ADAPTATION AND RESISTANCE TO STRESS 139
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 147
REFERENCES 150
Chapter 6. Influence of Limbic System and Related Structures on the Pituitary-Adrenal Axis 161
1. EFFECT OF BRAINSTEM AND LIMBIC STIMULATION ON ADRENAL VENOUS CORTICOSTEROID RELEASE IN THE ACUTE ENCÉPHALE ISOLÉ CAT PREPARATION 162
II. EFFECT OF BRAINSTEM STIMULATION ON ACTH RELEASE IN CHRONIC CAT PREPARATIONS 164
III. EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS OR INTRACEREBRAL INJECTION OF HYDROCORTISONE ON SPONTANEOUS UNIT ACTIVITY IN THE MIDBRAIN OR DIENCEPHALON 171
DISCUSSION 180
SUMMARY 184
REFERENCES 185
Chapter 7. Determinants of Individual Differences in the Steroid Response to Stress 188
REFERENCES 200
Chapter 8. Adaptation Reaction to Ionizing Radiation 202
I. REACTIONS OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX 202
II. HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY CONTROL 207
III. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NEURO-ENDOCRINE REACTION TO IRRADIATION 212
V. UNSOLVED PROBLEMS 216
REFERENCES 216
Chapter 9. Mediated and Direct Effects of ACTH and Corticosteroids in Stress 221
EXTRA-ADRENAL EFFECTS OF ACTH ON THE METABOLISM OF CORTICOSTEROIDS 222
OTHER EXTRA-ADRENAL EFFECTS OF ACTH 225
DISCUSSION 227
REFERENCES 228
Chapter 10. Difference in Emotional Behaviour and in Function of the Endocrine System in Genetically-Different Strains of Albino Rats 231
INTRODUCTION 231
DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOUR 233
EFFECTS ON THYROID FUNCTION 234
SECONDARY CHANGES DUE TO ALTERED THYROID FUNCTION 238
BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES AFTER TREATMENT WITH DRUGS ACTING ON THE THYROID 241
EFFECTS ON ADRENAL FUNCTION 243
EFFECT ON GONADS 247
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 247
REFERENCES 248
PART Ill: REGULATION OF "ADAPTIVE HORMONES" OTHER THAN ACTH 252
Chapter 11. Storage and Release of Neurohypophysial Hormones with Special Reference to the Fine Structure of the Vertebrate Posterior Pituitary 254
I. DISTRIBUTION OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL PEPTIDES IN THE VERTEBRATES 254
II. QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONE STORAGE 257
III. MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HORMONE STORAGE 261
IV. RELEASE OF VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN 267
REFERENCES 287
Chapter 12. The Secretion of Neurohypophysial Hormones in Mammals and Man 294
REFERENCES 305
Chapter 13. Hypothalamic Influence on Pituitary Thyrotrophic Function 308
SUMMARY 319
REFERENCES 319
Chapter 14. Studies on Gonadotropin Release During Stressful Situations and the Role of the Central Nervous System 322
1. INTRODUCTION 322
2. GENERAL REMARKS 322
3. EXTERNAL FACTORS AND GTH SECRETION 324
4. CORTICOID LEVELS DURING THE MENSTRUAL AND ESTROUS CYCLES 326
5. RELEASE OF PITUITARY TROPHIC HORMONES 327
6. CNS AND GTH SECRETION 330
7. CONCLUSIONS 332
REFERENCES 332
Chapter 15. Neural Factors in Lactation 339
INTRODUCTION 339
PARTICIPATION OF THE CNS IN LACTOGENESIS 340
ROLE OF THE CNS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF MILK SECRETION 347
MILK REMOVAL 356
REFERENCES 368
PART IV: ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTALTEMPERATURE VARIATIONS 376
Chapter 16. Catecholamines, Corticosteroids and Thyroid Hormones in Nonshivering Thermogenesis under Different Environmental Conditions 378
ADAPTATION TO CONSTANT LOW TEMPERATURE IN THE LABORATORY 378
ADAPTATION TO OUTDOOR SEASONAL CLIMATIC CHANGES 384
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 389
REFERENCES 391
Chapter 17. Physiological Adjustment to Cold 397
INTRODUCTION 397
METABOLISM AND SHIVERING ADJUSTMENTS 399
BASAL METABOLIC RATE ADJUSTMENTS 408
BODY TEMPERATURE ADJUSTMENTS 409
SURFACE TEMPERATURE ADJUSTMENTS 410
MECHANISMS AND SOURCES OF NONSHIVERING THERMOGENESIS 410
DISCUSSION 415
REFERENCES 418
Chapter 18. Interrelationships of Low Environmental Temperatures on the Actions of Drugs 421
INTRODUCTION 421
COLD EXPOSURE 422
COLD-ACCLIMATION 422
DRUG STUDIES 423
NORADRENALINE 424
CHLORPROMAZINE 429
SODIUM SALICYLATE 434
GENERAL DISCUSSION 436
REFERENCES 438
Chapter 19. Neural Mechanism of Thermal Regulation under Normal Living Conditions 441
1. INNATE THERMOREGULATION PATTERNS 441
2. THERMOREGULATORY CONDITIONED REFLEXES IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 446
3. NATURAL THERMOREGULATORY CONDITIONED REFLEXES 450
4. PHYSIOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF NATURAL METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS 456
5. THE INFLUENCE OF INTEROCEPTIVE SIGNALS AND MUSCULAR WORK ON THERMOREGULATION 458
6. ON THE MECHANISM OF THERMAL ADAPTATION 460
CONCLUSION 462
REFERENCES 462
PART V: NEURAL, NEUROENDOCRINE AND HUMORAL REGULATORY AND ADAPTATION MECHANISMS SOME SELECTED EXAMPLES
Chapter 20. The Nature of Adaptive Reactions and Their Initiation 470
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ADAPTIVE REACTIONS AND THE DEFINITION OF TERMS 470
EXAMPLES OF ADAPTIVE REACTIONS IN INDIVIDUAL TISSUES AND CELLS—ACCOMMODATION 471
EXAMPLES OF MATURATION OF THE ABILITY OF THE TOTAL ORGANISM TO ADAPT TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES 475
SUMMARY 478
REFERENCES 479
Chapter 21. The Receptor Hypothesis of Gene Action 483
LAMARCKIAN PROTEINS 483
THREE PHASES IN THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 484
THE MZ GENE-SYSTEM IN SACCHAROMYCES 485
THE TOPOLOGY OF THE RECEPTOR 487
REPRESSORS, CRYPTIC ENZYMES AND STRUCTURAL GENES 488
SUMMARY 491
REFERENCES 491
Chapter 22. Neuro-Hormonal Control of Feeding Behavior 493
1. STRUCTURE AND LOCATION OF THE CONTROLLING NERVOUS CENTERS 494
II. INFORMATION FROM THE "MILIEU INTERIEUR" IN THE CONTROL OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR 503
III. NEURAL MECHANISMS OF HIGHER INTEGRATION AND NEURO-MOTOR ACCOMPLISHMENT OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR 512
GENERAL CONCLUSION 517
REFERENCES 520
Chapter 23. Neurohormonal Factors in the Development of Sleep 526
REFERENCES 539
Chapter 24. The Role of the Pineal Gland in Environmental Adaptation 541
I. INTRODUCTION 541
II. EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURAL RELATIONS 542
III. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 545
IV. RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY 548
V. PROBLEMS IN PINEAL DENERVATION 551
VI. SPURIOUS EFFECTS IN PINEAL EXPERIMENTATION 553
VII. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 554
VIII. CONCLUSIONS 563
REFERENCES 564
Chapter 25. The Cerebrospinal Fluid as Possible Transmitter Medium 584
INTRODUCTION 584
ANATOMY OF THE C.S.F. SPACE AND ITS LINING 584
PRODUCTION, COMPOSITION, AND CIRCULATION OF THE C.S.F. 588
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 591
REFERENCES 592
Chapter 26. Role of Hypoglycemic State in Immune Responses 594
INTRODUCTION 594
EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA ON SENSITIZATION 597
EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA ON HISTAMINE ACTIONS 602
DISCUSSION 606
REFERENCES 608
Index 612