Geoelectromagnetic Investigation of the Earth’s Crust and Mantle

1 Geoelectromagnetic Fields.- 1.1 Morphology of the Earth's Electromagnetic Field.- 1.2 Atmospheric Electricity.- 1.3 Conductivity of the Ionosphere.- 1.4 Formation of the Magnetosphere.- 1.5 Magnetospheric Waves and Their Propagation to the Earth.- 1.6 Conclusions.- 2 Elements of the Theory of Electromagnetic Fields.- 2.1 Fundamental Relations.- 2.2 Electromagnetic Fields in the Spherically Symmetric (and Horizontally Layered) Earth.- 2.3 Impedance and Other Interpretation Parameters (Response Functions).- 2.4 Modeling of Geoelectric Fields.- 2.5 Conclusions.- 3 The Inverse Problem.- 3.1 Formulation of Inverse Problems.- 3.2 Solving Procedures of the Trial-and-Error Method.- 3.3 Improperly Posed Problems and Their Regularization.- 3.4 The Information-Statistical Approach.- 3.5 Direct Inversion. Properties of Response Functions.- 3.6 Approximate Euristic Methods of Inversion.- 3.7 Amplitude-Phase Layer-by-Layer Interpretation.- 3.8 Nonuniqueness of the Inverse Problem and the Resolving Power of Data.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 4 Global and Regional Geomagnetic Deep Sounding.- 4.1 General.- 4.2 Geomagnetic Variations Described by Harmonic $$text{P}_1^0 (cos theta ) = cos theta$$.- 4.3 Daily Variations.- 4.4 Global Sounding Curve.- 4.5 Interpretation of Global Sounding Data.- 4.6 Geothermic Interpretation of Global GDS.- 4.7 Regional, Local, and Point Geomagnetic Deep Soundings.- 4.8 Conclusions.- 5 Magnetotelluric Sounding.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Data Processing for the Impedance Tensor Determination.- 5.3 Interpretation of the Deep Magnetotelluric Sounding Curves at the Distorting Effect of Surface Lateral Inhomogeneities.- 5.4 Deep MTS Study on Two-Dimensional Structures.- 5.5 Distorting Effects on Three-Dimensional Structures.- 5.6 The MTS in Elongated Depressions.-5.7 MTS in Shields and Basement Escarpments.- 5.8 The Conducting Layers as Derived by MTS.- 5.9 Conclusions.- 6 Magnetic Variation Profiling (MVP).- 6.1 Formation of Anomalous MVP Field.- 6.2 Anomalous Fields over Two-Dimensional Inhomogeneities.- 6.3 Anomalous Fields on Three-Dimensional Inhomogeneities.- 6.4 Integral Relations Between the Components of the Anomalous Field.- 6.5 Observation Data Processing.- 6.6 Methods of MVP Data Interpretation.- 6.7 Principles of MVP Data Interpretation.- 6.8 Joint MVP and MTS Studies of Conductivity Anomalies.- 6.9 Conclusions.- 7 Electrical Conductivity Anomalies.- 7.1 Coast Effect.- 7.2 Anomalies in Western North America.- 7.3 Crustal Anomalies of the East-European Platform.- 7.4 Carpathian Anomaly.- 7.5 Classification of Electrical Conductivity Anomalies.- 8 Conclusions.- 8.1 Geoelectric Model for the Earth's Crust and Mantle Based on the Results of Chapters 3-7.- 8.2 Geoelectric Methods (Fanselau Approach).- 8.3 Comparison Between the Three Methods.- 8.4 Strategy of Electromagnetic Data Interpretation.- Appendix Geomagnetic Observatories of World-wide Network.- References.