Three-Dimensional Nanoarchitectures (eBook)

1. Building Three dimensional Nanostructured Devices by Self-Assembly by Steve Hu, Jeong-Hyun Cho and David H. GraciasSummary1.1.0 The pressing need for three dimensional patterned nanofabrication1.2.0 Self-assembly using molecular linkages1.2.1 Three dimensional self-assembly using protein linkages1.2.2 Three dimensional self-assembly with DNA linkages1.3.0 Three dimensional self-assembly using physical forces1.4.0 Three dimensional patterned nanofabrication by curving and bending nanostructures1.4.1 Curving hingeless nanostructures using stress1.4.2 Three dimensional nanofabrication by bending hinged panels to create patterned polyhedral nanoparticles1.5.0 ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences 2. Bio-inspired Three-Dimensional Nanoarchitectures by Jian Shi and Xudong Wang2.1 Introduction2.2 Historical Perspective2.3 Bio-inspired Nanophotonics2.3.1 Photonic Crystals2.3.2 Color Mine in Nature2.3.3 Natural Photonic Crystals2.4 Bio-inspired Fabrication of Nanostrctures2.4.1 Biomineralization2.4.2 Biological Fine Structure Duplication2.5 Bio-inspired Functionality2.6 ConclusionReferences3. Building 3D Micro- and Nanostructures through Nanoimprint by Xing Cheng3.1 Introduction to 3D structure fabrication through nanoimprint3.2 Overview of nanoimprint lithography3.2.1 Fundamentals of nanoimprint lithography3.2.2 Materials for nanoimprint lithography]3.3 Building 3D Nanostructures by Nanoimprint3.3.1 Direct patterning of 3D structures in one step3.3.1.1 Replicating 3D polymer structures from 3D templates3.3.1.2 Applications of 3D polymer structures by one-step nanoimprint3.3.2 Building 3D nanostructures by transfer bonding and sequential layer stacking3.3.2.1 Principles of transfer bonding and sequential layer stacking3.3.2.2 3D structures built by transfer bonding and sequential layer stacking3.3.2.3 Defect modes and process yield of transfer bonding and sequential layer stacking3.3.3 Building 3D nanostructures by two consecutive nanoimprints3.4 Summary and future outlookReferences 4. Electrochemical Growth of Nanostructured Materials by Jin-Hee Lim and John B. Wiley4.1 Magnetic Nanomaterials4.2 Semiconductor Nanostructures4.3 Thermoelectric Nanomaterials4.4 Conducting Polymer Nanostructures4.5 Nanotube and Core-Shell Nanostructures4.6 Porous Au Nanowires4.7 Modification of Nanowires4.8 Functionalization of Nanowires4.9 Nanostructure Arrays on Substrates4.10 Patterning of NanowiresAcknowledgment5. Three dimensional micro/nanomaterials generated by fiber drawing nanomanufacturing by Zeyu Ma, Yan Hong, Shujiang Ding, Minghui Zhang, Maniul Hossain, Ming Su5.1 Introduction5.2 Fiber draw tower5.3 Materials selections5.4 Drawing process5.5 Size design5.6 3D assembling5.7 Metallic nanowires5.8 Semiconductor nanowires5.9 Glass microchannel array5.10 Differential etching of glasses5.11 Glass microspike array5.12 Hybrid glass membranes5.13 Textured structure of encapsulated paraffin wax microfiber5.14 ConclusionsReferences6.0 One-Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation by Yat Li6.1 Introduction6.1.1 Photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation6.1.2 Challenges in Metal Oxide based PEC hydrogen generation6.1.3 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photoelectrodes6.2 Pristine Metal Oxide Nanowire/Nanotube-Arrayed Photoelectrodes6.2.1 Nanowire arrayed photoelectrodes6.2.1.1 Hematite (α-Fe2O3)6.2.1.2. Titanium Oxide (TiO2) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO)6.2.1.3. Tungsten Trioxide (WO3)6.2.2 Nanotube arrayed photoelectrodes6.3 Element-Doped Metal Oxide 1D Nanostructures6.3.1 TiO2 nanostructures6.3.2. ZnO nanostructures6.3.3 Hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanostructures6.4 Quantum Dot Sensitizations6.4.1 Background6.4.2 Quantum Dot Sensitized ZnO Nanowires6.4.3 Quantum Dot Co-Sensitized Nanowires6.4.4 Double-sided Quantum Dot Sensitization6.5 Synergistic Effect of Quantum Dot Sensitization and Elemental Doping6.6 Concluding RemarksReferences 7. Helical Nanostructures: Synthesis and Potential Applications by Pu-Xian Gao and Gang Liu7.1 Introduction7.2 Semiconductor nanohelices7.2.1 ZnO nanohelices7.2.1.1 Superlattice-structured ZnO nanohelices7.2.1.2 Superelasticity, nanobuckling and non-linear electronic transport properties of superlattice-structured ZnO nanohelices7.2.1.2.1 Superelasticity of superlattice-structured ZnO nanohelix7.2.1.2.2 Nanobuckling and fracture of superlattice-structured ZnO nanohelix7.2.1.2.3 Non-linear electronic transport of superlattice-structured ZnO nanohelix7.2.1.3 Other ZnO nanohelices7.2.4 InP nanohelices7.2.2 SiO2 nanohelices7.2.3 CdS nanohelices7.2.4 InP nanohelices7.2.5 Ga2O3 nanohelices7.3 Carbon-related nanohelices7.3.1 Helical carbon nanoribbon/nanocoil7.3.2 Helical carbon nanotube7.3.3 Tungsten-containing carbon (WC) nanospring7.4 Other nanohelices7.4.1 Helical SiC/SiO2 core-shell nanowires and Si3N4 microcoils7.4.2 MgB2 nanohelices7.4.3 Si spirals7.5 Potential applications7.6 SummaryAcknowledgementReferences 8. Hierarchical 3D Nanostructure Organization for Next Generation Devices by Eric N. Dattoli and Wei Lu8.1 Introduction8.2 Fluidic Flow - Assisted Assembly8.2.1 Drop-Drying8.2.2 Channel-Confined Fluidic Flow8.2.3 Blown Bubble Film Transfer8.3 Nematic Liquid Crystal – Induced Assembly8.4 Langmuir-Blodgett Assembly8.5 Dielectrophoresis – Assembly8.6 Chemical Affinity and Electrostatic Interaction - directedAssembly8.7 Contact Transfer8.7.1 Shear-assisted Contact Printing8.7.2 Stamp Transfer8.8 Directed Growth8.8.1 Horizontal Growth8.8.2 Vertical Growth8.9 Device Applications8.9.1 Thin-Film Transistor8.9.1.1 Performance considerations for NW- or NT- based TFTs8.9.1.2 Transparent Nanowire-based TFTs8.9.1.3 CNT-based TFTs8.9.2 3D, Multilayer Device Structures8.9.3 Sensors8.9.4 Vertical Nanowire Field Effect Transistors (FETs)8.10 ConclusionReferences 9. Strain-induced Self Rolled-up Semiconductor Microtube Resonators: A New Architecture for Photonic Device Applications by Xin Miao, Ik Su Chun, and Xiuling Li9.1 Introductions9.2 Formation Process9.3 Photonic Applications of Rolled-up Semiconductor Tubes9.3.1 Spontaneous emission from quantum well microtubes: intensity enhancement and energy shift9.3.2 Optical resonance modes in rolled-up microtube ring cavity9.3.3 Optically pumped lasing from rolled-up microtube ring cavity 10. Carbon Nanotube Arrays: Synthesis, Properties and Applications by Suman Neupane, Wenzhi Li10.1 Introduction10.2 Carbon Nanotube Synthesis10.2.1 Arc discharge10.2.2 Laser ablation10.2.3 Electrochemical synthesis10.2.4 Diffusion flame synthesis10.2.5 Chemical vapor deposition10.3 Carbon Nanotube Arrays10.3.1 CNTA synthesis using patterned catalyst arrays10.3.1.1 Pulsed laser deposition10.3.1.2 Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates10.3.1.3 Reverse micelle method10.3.1.4 Photolithography10.3.1.5 Electrochemical etching10.3.1.6 Sputtering10.3.1.7 Nanosphere lithography10.3.1.8 Sol-gel method10.3.2 CNTA synthesis by other methods10.3.3 Horizontal arrays of CNTs10.4 Mechanical Properties10.5 Thermal Properties10.6 Electrical properties10.7 Applications of CNTs and CNTAs10.7.1 Hydrogen storage10.7.2 CNTs as Sensors10.7.3 CNTs for battery and supercapacitor applications10.7.4 CNTs for photovoltaic device10.8 ConclusionsReferences 11. Molecular Rotors Observed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy by Ye-liang Wang, Qi Liu, Hai-gang Zhang, Hai-ming Guo, Hong-jun GaoAbstract11.1  Introduction11.2 Solution-based and surface-mounted molecule machines11.3  Single molecular rotors at surfaces11.3.1 A monomolecular rotor in supramolecular network11.3.2 Gear-like rotation of molecular rotor along the edge of molecular island11.3.3  Thermal-driven rotation  on reconstructed-surface template 11.3.4  STM-driven rotation  on reconstructed-surface template11.3.5  Molecular rotors with variable rotation radii11.3.6 Rolling motion of a single molecule at surface11.4 Array of molecular motors at surfaces11.5 Outlook11.6 ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences 12. Nanophotonic Devices Based on ZnO Nanowires by Qing Yang and Zhong Lin Wang12.1 Introduction12.2 Pure optical devices based on ZnO NWs12.2.1 ZnO NW subwavelength waveguides and their applications12.2.2 Optical pumped lasers in ZnO NWs12.2.3 Nonlinear optical devices based on ZnO NWs12.3 Optoelectronic devices based ZnO NWs12.3.1 ZnO NW ultra-sensitive UV and Infrared PDs12.3.2 Dye-sensitized solar cells based on ZnO NWs12.3.3 Single ZnO NW and NW array light emitting diodes12.3.4 Electrically pumped random lasing from ZnO nanorod arrays12.4 Piezo-phototronic devices based on ZnO NWs12.4.1 Optimizing the power output of a ZnO photocell by piezopotential12.4.2 Enhancing Sensitivity of a Single ZnO Micro-/NW Photodetector by Piezo-phototronic effect12.5 ConclusionsReferences 13. Nanostructured Light Management for Advanced Photovoltaics by Jia Zhu, Zongfu Yu, Sangmoo Jeong, Ching-Mei Hsu, Shanui Fan, Yi CuiAbstract13.1 Introduction13.2 Fabrication of Nanowire and Nanocone Arrays13.2.1 Method13.2.2 Shape Control: Nanowires and Nanocones13.2.3 Diameter and Spacing Control13.2.4 Large Scale Process13.3 Photon Management: Anti-reflection13.3.1 Nanowires13.3.2 Nanocones13.4 Photon Management: Absorption Enhancement13.4.1 Different Mechanisms13.4.2 Nanodome Structures13.5 Solar Cell performance13.6 Fundamental Limit of Light-trapping in Nanophotonics13.7 Summary and OutlookReferences 14. Highly Sensitive and Selective Gas Detection by 3D Metal Oxide Nanoarchitectures by Jiajun Chen, Kai Wang, Baobao Cao, Dr. Weilie Zhou14.1 Introduction14.2 Highly Sensitive Gas Detection by Standalone 3D Nanosensors14.2.1 Metal Oxide Nanowire / Nanotube Array Gas Sensors14.2.1.1 Nanowire Arrays14.2.1.2 Nanotube Arrays14.2.2 Gas Sensors Based on Opal and Inverted Opal Nanostructures14.3 Sensor Arrays Based on 3D Nanostructured Gas Sensors14.4 Conclusion RemarksAcknowledgementReferences 15. Quantum Dot Sensitized Three Dimensional Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Applications by Jun Wang, Xukai Xin, Daniel Vennerberg, Zhiqun Lin15.1 Introduction15.2 Quantum dot sensitized solar cells15.2.1 Overview15.2.2 Synthesis of quantum dots and surface functionalization15.2.3 Quantum dot sensitized nanoparticle films15.2.4 Quantum dot sensitized nanowire arrays15.2.5 Quantum dot sensitized nanotube arrays15.2.6 Investigation of charge injection in quantum dot sensitized solar cells15.2.6.1 Generation of excited electrons15.2.6.2 Recombination and transportation of excited electrons15.3 OutlookReferences 16. Three Dimensional Photovoltaic Devices Based on Vertically Aligned Nanowire Array by Kai Wang, Jiajun Chen, Satish Chandra Rai, and Weilie Zhou16.1 Introduction16.2 Photovoltaic devices based on heteroepitaxial-grown nanowire array integrated with the substrate16.3 Photovoltaic devices based on axial nanowire array16.4 Photovoltaic devices based on nanowire array embedded in thin film16.5 Photovoltaic devices based on nanowire array with core-shell structure16.5.1 P-N core-shell homojuntion photovoltaic devices16.5.2 Type II core-shell heterojuntion photovoltaic devices16.5.2.1 Synthesis of ZnO/ZnSe and ZnO/ZnS core-shell nanowire array16.5.2.2 Structural and optical properties of ZnO/ZnSe core-shell nanowire array16.5.2.3 Photoresponse of ZnO/ZnSe nanowire array16.5.2.4 Morphologies, structure and optical properties of ZnO/ZnS nanowire array16.5.2.5 Photovoltaic effect of ZnO/ZnS nanowire array16.6. Summary and perspectivesAcknowledgementsReferences 17. Supercapacitors Based on 3D Nanostructrued Electrodes by Hao Zhang, Gaoping Cao, Yusheng Yang17.1 Supercapacitors17.2 Electrochemical double layer capacitors based on 3D Nanostructrued electrodes17.2.1 Electrodes based on activated carbons and activated carbon fibers: powdered carbons with disordered pore structures17.2.2 Electrodes based on carbon foams, carbon areogels, and other monolithic carbon: monolithic carbon with disordered micropores17.2.3 Electrodes based on template carbons, graphene, carbide-derived carbons, and hierarchical porous carbons: powdered carbons with high mesopore ratios or reasonable PSD17.2.4 Electrodes based on carbon nanotubes: monolithic carbons with developed mesoporous structures17.3 Pseudocapacitors based on 3D Nanostructrued electrodes17.3.1 Nanostructured metal oxide electrode materials17.3.2 Nanostructured conducting polymer electrodes materials17.4 Hybrid capacitors based on 3D Nanostructrued electrodes17.4.1 Nanostructured electrodes based on metal oxides/carbon composite17.4.2 Nanostructured electrodes based on polymers/carbon composites17.5 Conclusions and perspectivesReferences 18. Aligned Ni Coated Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes under Magnetic Field for Coolant Applications by Haiping Hong and Mark Horton18.1 Introduction18.2 Experimental18.3 Results and Discussion18.3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids Containing Ni-coated Nanotubes18.3.2 Evidence of Magnetic Alignment of Ni-coated Nanotubes18.4 Conclusion18.5 AcknowledgementsReferences