Progress in Optics (eBook)

Fluorine and the Environment: Atmospheric Chemistry, Emissions, & Lithosphere
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Preface 10
Foreword 12
Introduction to ‘‘Fluorine and the Environment’’ 16
Chapter 1. Fluorine in the Atmosphere 20
1. Introduction 21
2. Sources and Sinks 22
3. Chemical Impacts 26
4. Radiative Impacts 39
5. Measurements 41
6. Trends and Scenarios 45
References 49
Chapter 2. Evaluation and Selection of CFC Alternatives 52
1. CFCs and the Global Environment 53
2. Fluorocarbon-Related Technologies and Environmental Problems 59
3. Environmental Assessment of CFC Alternatives 70
4. Evaluation of Current Alternatives 89
5. Concluding Remarks 100
Acronyms and Abbreviations 101
Appendix I: Some Chemical Symbols used in this Chapter 102
References 104
Chapter 3. Trifluoromethyl Sulphur Pentafluoride, SF5CF3: Atmospheric Chemistry and Its Environmental Importance via the Greenhouse Effect 108
1. Introduction 109
2. Structure, Spectroscopy and Thermochemistry of SF5CF3 111
3. The Greenhouse Effect and SF5CF3: How Serious is the Problem? 112
4. Kinetics and Removal Processes of SF5CF3 from the Earth’s Atmosphere 116
5. The VUV Photoionisation and Photofragmentation Spectroscopy of SF5CF3 117
6. Removal Processes of SF5CF3 from the Earth’s Atmosphere in the Mesosphere 129
7. Lifetime of SF5CF3 in the Earth’s Atmosphere and Conclusions 141
Table of Acronyms 144
Acknowledgments 144
References 144
Chapter 4. Production of Second- or Third-Generation Fluorine-based Refrigerants from (Photo)-Dechlorination of Fluorocarbon Wastes 150
1. Introduction 152
2. Decomposition of Fluorocarbons 153
3. Production of useful Compounds from Fluorocarbon Wastes 160
4. Reaction Rate and Reaction Mechanism 165
5. Effect of Mass Transfer Rate on Reaction Rate 175
6. Conclusion 181
References 181
Chapter 5. Volcanic Fluorine Emissions: Observations by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 184
1. Introduction 184
2. Fluorine Geochemistry 186
3. Open-Path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 188
4. Field Observations of HF and SiF4 193
5. Emission Rates 199
6. Future Directions and Challenges 199
Acknowledgments 201
References 201
Chapter 6. Fluorine and Coexisting Volatiles in the Geosphere: The Role in Japanese Volcanic Rocks 206
1. Introduction 207
2. Determination of Fluorine in Silicate Rocks 208
3. Fluorine and other Volatile Abundances in Japanese Volcanic Rocks 217
Acknowledgments 230
Appendix 1. Volatile Contents of Japanese Volcanic Rocks (113 samples in mg/kg. Cl abundances are water-insoluble data) 231
Appendix 2. Composition of Volcanic Rocks in Japan (44 Samples) 236
References 242
Chapter 7. Fluorine Compounds in Gaseous Emissions from Industrial Sources: The Case of Ceramic Industries 244
1. Introduction 245
2. Environmental Impact of the Ceramic Industry 248
3. Pollutant Abatement 253
4. Methods for Emission Sampling and Analysis of Fluorine 259
5. Phytotoxic Effects of Fluorides 264
References 265
Chapter 8. Some Problems Relating to Fluorides in the Environment: Effects on Plants and Animals 270
1. Introduction 270
2. Questions Relating to Inorganic Fluoride in Soil 271
3. Is Fluoride Lost from Plants? 277
4. Problems Classifying Plant Species Sensitivity 283
5. Problems Estimating Effects of Fluoride on Plant Growth and Yield 287
6. How Significant are Pollutant Interactions? 295
7. How Important are Effects of HF on Fertilization and Seed Set? 300
8. What do we know about Fluoride and Insects? 302
9. The Increasing Importance of Organofluorine Compounds to Animals 305
References 310
Subject Index 318