Photorefractive Optics (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Contributing Authors 16
Preface 20
Chapter 1. Standard Photorefractive Model as a Foundation of Real-Time Holography 1 24
1.1 Introduction (photorefractive "Old Testament") 24
1.2 Basic equations 26
1.3 Small-contrast approximation 29
1.4 Space-charge waves and dispersion relations 30
1.5 High-contrast gratings 31
1.6 Photoinduced anisotropic photoconductivity for optical interconnection of two electric circuits 32
1.7 Photoconductivity grating as an optically scanning antenna 34
1.8 Subharmonic domains of the space-charge waves 34
1.9 Formation of the spatiotemporal patterns and domains, optical channeling 36
1.10 Conversion of heat into electric current by moving gratings 39
1.11 Conclusions 44
Acknowledgments 45
References 45
Chapter 2. Light-Induced Charge Transport in Photorefractive Crystals 48
Summary 48
2.1 Introduction 48
2.2 One-center model 49
2.3 Two-center model 51
2.4 Three-valence model 55
2.5 Charge transport in different crystals 57
2.6 Conclusions 60
Acknowledgment 61
References 61
Chapter 3. Nonlinear Self-Organization in Photorefractive Materials 66
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 Basic experimental observations 71
3.3 Theory 78
3.5 Conclusion 91
Acknowledgment 92
References 92
Chapter 4. Liquid Crystal Photorefractive Optics: Dynamic and Storage Holographic Grating Formation, Wave Mixing, and Beam/Image Processing 98
Summary 98
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Nematic films under applied dc bias field 100
4.3 Optical wave mixing effects in C60 doped films 105
4.4 Methyl red–doped nematic liquid crystal films 113
4.5 Conclusion 124
Acknowledgment 125
References 125
Chapter 5. Spectral and Spatial Diffraction in a Nonlinear Photorefractive Hologram 128
5.1 Nonlinear beam coupling and erasure dynamics on hologram diffraction spectral characteristics 129
5.2 Refractive-index anisotropy on hologram spatial diffraction properties 136
5.3 Anisotropic intrasignal coupling 145
5.4 Conclusions 148
Acknowledgment 151
References 151
Chapter 6. Holographic Memory Systems Using Photorefractive Materials 154
Abstract 154
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Data storage density of two-dimensional holograms 134 157
6.3 The effect of noise on storage density 136 159
6.4 The role of optics in the realization of high storage density 159
6.5 Holographic random access data storage system 161
6.6 Suppression of interference noise by optimizing spatial spectra of two-dimensional holograms 167
6.7 Superresolution approach for increasing storage density 171
6.8 Photorefractive materials for rewritable holograms 174
6.9 Holographic memory systems using photorefractive crystals 178
6.10 Nondestructive reading of 3-D holograms recorded in photorefractive crystals 182
6.11 Application of reflection holograms 185
6.12 Holographic memory systems using one-dimensional holograms 186
6.13 Three-dimensional multilayer holographic memory 190
6.14 Interference noises in three-dimensional data carriers and volume storage density 193
6.15 Conclusion 195
Acknowledgment 197
References 197
Chapter 7. Cross Talk in Volume Holographic Memory 200
7.1 Cross talk 201
7.2 Grating Detuning 231
7.3 Conclusions 252
References 253
Chapter 8. Imaging and Storage with Spherical-Reference Volume Holograms 256
8.1 Introduction 256
8.2 Volume holographic systems 258
8.3 Volume diffraction theory 265
8.4 Shift multiplexing 266
8.5 Imaging with volume holograms 275
8.6 Concluding remarks 291
References 291
Chapter 9. Three-Dimensionally Photorefractive Bit-Oriented Digital Memory 300
Abstract 300
9.1 Introduction: limitation and breakthrough of optical high-density data storage 301
9.2 Materials and optics for three-dimensional digital optical memory 302
9.3 Three-dimensional photopolymer memory 305
9.4 Lithium niobate three-dimensional digital memory 309
9.5 Two-photon recording in lithium niobate 313
9.6 Fixing the data 315
9.7 Photocromic recording in photorefractive crystals 319
9.8 Photorefractive photochromic memory 319
9.9 Optical design for reflection confocal memory 321
9.10 Concluding remarks: comparison with other advanced 324
References 326
Chapter 10. Conditions for Confocal Readout of Three- Dimensional Photorefractive data bits 330
Abstract 330
10.1 Introduction 331
10.2 Three-dimensional bit data storage 332
10.3 Confocal scanning microscopy 334
10.4 Passband of the 3-D coherent transfer function for reflection confocal microscopy 336
10.5 Spatial frequency response of 3-D data bits recorded by the single-photon photorefractive effect 340
10.6 Spatial frequency response of 3-D data bits recorded by the two-photon photorefractive effect 343
10.7 Effect of refractive index mismatch 347
10.8 Conclusion 351
Acknowledgments 352
References 352
Chapter 11. Three-Dimensional Photorefractive Memory Based on Phase-Code and Rotational Multiplexing 356
11.1 Introduction 356
11.2 Phase-code multiplexing 358
11.3 Construction of Hadamard phase-codes for holographic memories 360
11.4 Utilization of Hadamard phase-codes of m . 2n in holographic memories 366
11.5 Increase storage density by rotation multiplexing 369
11.6 Demonstration with off-the-shelf devices 373
11.7 Conclusions 357 380
Acknowledgments 381
References 381
Chapter 12. Compact Holographic Memory Module 384
Abstract 384
12.1 Introduction 385
12.2 Conjugate readout method 386
12.3 Dynamic hologram refresher chip 388
12.4 Periodic copying 389
12.5 Compact fast-access architecture 394
12.6 Pixel size limit for holograms 400
12.7 Roadmap for a competitive HRAM technology 402
12.8 Conclusion 404
Acknowledgments 405
References 405
Chapter 13. Dynamic Interconnections Using Photorefractive Crystals 408
13.1 Introduction 408
13.2 Photorefractive waveguides 410
13.3 Segmented photorefractive waveguide 428
13.4 Array of photorefractive waveguides 438
13.5 Summary 446
References 447
Chapter 14. Self-Pumped Phase Conjugation in BaTiO3:Rh for Dynamic Wavefront Correction of Nd:YAG Lasers 454
14.1 Characterization of the materials 455
14.2 Self-Pumped Phase Conjugation 472
14.3 Dynamic wavefront correction of MOPA laser sources 487
14.4 Conclusion 498
References 500
Chapter 15. Space-Time Processing with Photorefractive Volume Holography Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses 508
15.1 Introduction 508
15.2 Spatial-domain holography 509
15.3 Temporal holography 510
15.4 Space-time holographic processing 530
15.5 Summary and future directions 537
Acknowledgments 538
References 538
Chapter 16. Dynamics of Photorefractive Fibers 542
16.1 Introduction 542
16.2 Fabrication of photorefractive fibers 543
16.3 Constructing photorefractive fiber holograms 546
16.4 Selectivities of fiber holograms 549
16.5 Cross talk noise 556
16.6 Recording erasure dynamics 560
16.7 Storage capacity 567
16.8 Application to photonic devices 570
16.9 Conclusion 583
References 584
Index 588