Material and Energy Balancing in the Process Industries (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Chapter 1. Introduction 12
Chapter 2. Balancing in Process Industries 18
2.1 The Problem Statement 18
2.2 Balancing Flowsheet- Graph Representation 23
2.3 Balancing Variables and Data Preprocessing 26
2.4 Data Reconciliation 30
2.5 Classification of Variables 31
2.6 Data Collection and Processing 33
2.7 Recommended Literature 35
Chapter 3. Mass (Single-Component) Balance 36
3.1 Steady-State Mass Balance 36
3.2 More on Solvability 42
3.3 Observability and Redundancy 48
3.4 Illustrative Example 53
3.5 Just Determined Systems 60
3.6 Main Results of Chapter 3 66
3.7 Recommended Literature 69
Chapter 4. Multicomponent Balancing 70
4.1 Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry 70
4.2 Component Mass Balances 74
4.3 Reaction Invariant Balances 81
4.4 Element Balances 88
4.5 Reaction Invariant Balances in a System of Units 90
4.6 Example of Multicomponent Balance 94
4.7 Unsteady-State Balances 98
4.8 Main Results of Chapter 4 102
4.9 Recommended Literature 107
Chapter 5. Energy Balance 110
5.1 Enthalpy Balance 110
5.2 Graph and Matrix Representation of the Enthalpy Balance 119
5.3 Example of Enthalpy Balance 122
5.4 Heat and Mass Balancing 129
5.5 Remarks on Solvability 134
5.6 Unsteady Energy Balance 135
5.7 Main Results of Chapter 5 138
5.8 Recommended Literature 143
Chapter 6. Entropy and Exergy Balances 146
6.1 Exergy and Loss of Exergy 146
6.2 Simple Examples 148
6.3 Examples of Exergetic Analysis 181
6.4 Concluding Remarks 186
6.5 Recommended Literature 187
Chapter 7. Solvability and Classification of Variables I 188
Linear Systems 188
7.1 General Analysis 188
7.2 Canonical Format of the System of Equations 195
7.3 Commentary and Examples 202
7.4 Main Results of Chapter 7 207
7.5 Recommended Literature 210
Chapter 8. Solvability and Classification of Variables II 212
Nonlinear Systems 212
8.1 Simple Examples 212
8.2 Solvability of Multicomponent Balance Equations 224
8.3 General Solution Manifold 255
8.4 Jacobi Matrix and Linearisation 269
8.5 Classification Problems Observability and Redundancy
8.6 Main Results of Chapter 8 299
8.7 Recommended Literature 306
Chapter 9. Balancing Based on Measured Data-Reconciliation I 308
Linear Reconciliation 308
9.1 Problem Statement 308
9.2 Reconciliation Formulae 314
9.3 Statistical Characteristics of the Solutions Propagation of Errors
9.4 Gross Errors 340
9.5 Systematic Errors 353
9.6 Main Results of Chapter 9 356
9.7 Recommended Literature 361
Chapter 10. Balancing Based on Measured Data- Reconciliation II 364
Nonlinear Reconciliation 364
10.1 Simple Examples and Problem Statement 364
10.2 Conditions of Minimum 375
10.3 Properties of the Solution 378
10.4 Methods of Solution 385
10.5 Gross Errors 405
10.6 Example 410
10.7 Main Results of Chapter 10 420
10.8 Recommended Literature 425
Chapter 11. Dynamic Balancing 428
11.1 Mass Balance Model with Accumulation 428
11.2 Daily Balancing 433
11.3 Conclusion 445
11.4 Recommended Literature 446
Chapter 12. Measurement Planning and Optimisation 448
12.1 Single-Component Balancing 448
12.2 The General Case 452
12.3 Main Results of Chapter 12 464
12.4 Recommended Literature 465
Chapter 13. Mass and Utilities Balancing with Reconciliation in Large Systems A Case Study 468
13.1 The Problem Statement 468
13.2 Requirements on the Industrial Balancing System 471
13.3 Important Attributes of an Industrial Balancing System 474
13.4 Balancing Errors 476
13.5 Structure of the Balancing System IBS 480
13.6 Configuration of the Balancing System - A Case Study 483
13.7 Examples of Balancing Proper 486
13.8 Experience with Company-Wide Mass and Utilities Balancing 492
13.9 Conclusions 496
Appendix A. Graph Theory 498
A.1 Basic Concepts 498
A.2 Subgraphs and Connectedness, Circuits and Trees 502
A.3 Properties of the Incidence Matrix 508
A.4 Graph Operations 514
A.5 Costed Graphs 518
A.6 Recommended Literature 524
Appendix B. Vectors and Matrices 526
B.1 Vector Spaces 526
B.2 Dimension and Bases 529
B.3 Vector Subspaces 532
B.4 Classical Vector Spaces 534
B.5 Linear Maps 537
B.6 Matrices 543
B.7 More on Matrices Elimination
B.8 Matrix Operations 554
B.9 Symmetric Matrices 562
B.10 Orthogonality 565
B.11 Determinants 573
Appendix C. Differential Balances 582
C.1 Material Continuum 582
C.2 Interface Balances 586
C.3 Thermodynamic Consistency 587
C.4 Exact Integral Balances 589
C.5 Electrochemical Processes 593
C.6 Recommended Literature 595
Appendix D. Differential form of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics 596
D.1 Recommended Literature 599
Appendix E. Probability and Statistics 600
E.1 Random Variables and their Characteristics 600
E.2 Special Probability Densities 608
Appendix F. Exercises 620
List of Symbols 634
Subject Index 644