Percepts, Concepts and Categories (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Percepts, Concepts and Categories: The Representation and Processing of Information 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Contributors 15
Preface 18
Part A: Early Visual Representation and Processing 21
Chapter 1. An Essay on Texture: The Extraction of Stimulus Structure from the Visual Image 22
I. Overview 22
II. Image Structure and Texture 24
III. The Task of Segmenting the Image 28
IV. Methods and Models of Texture-based Segmentation 30
V. Conclusions 49
References 50
Commentary 56
Chapter 2. The Nature of Selectivity in Early Human Vision 58
I. Overview 58
II. Selectivity in Human Information Processing. 59
III. Early Vision 65
IV. Revised View of Early Vision 86
V. Epilogue: Structure and Process in Early Vision? 88
References 90
Commentary 94
Chapter 3. Structure and Process in Perceptual Organization 96
I. Introduction 96
II. Structure and Process 99
III. Structure and Process in Wholistic Perception 104
IV. Concluding Remarks 118
References 120
Commentary 125
Chapter 4. On Identifying Things: A Case For Context 128
I. Overview 128
II. Similarity Relates to Performance: Some Demonstrations and Measures 132
III. Physical Measures Do Not Predict Performance Psychophysical Measures Do
IV. Discussion 156
References 160
Commentary 163
Part B: Percepts, Concepts, Categories and Development 166
Chapter 5. Structure in the Process of Seeing 168
I. Introduction 168
II. What Is, Where Is, Structure?. 169
III. Structure in the Process of Seeing 174
IV. Structure in the Process of Drawing 185
V. General Conclusions 189
References 189
Commentary 192
Chapter 6. Perceived Similarity in Perceptual and Conceptual Development: The Influence of Category Information on Perceptual Organization 194
I. Introduction 195
II. Shifts in Perceptual Development 195
III. Shifts in Conceptual Development 202
IV. Relating Perceptual and Conceptual Processes 213
V. Empirical Research 214
Vl. Conclusions 236
References 239
Commentary 248
Chapter 7. Perceptual Similarity and Conceptual Structure 252
I. Introduction 252
II. The Case Against Perceptual Categorization 254
II. In Defense of Perceptual Similarity 260
IV. Perceptual Similarity and Causal Theories 280
V. Structure and Process 286
VI. Conclusions 287
References 287
Commentary 292
Chapter 8. Reflecting on Representation and Process: Children’s Understanding of Cognition 294
I. Introduction 295
II. The Role of Theories 297
III. The Mental Lexicon 303
IV. Understanding Perceptually-Based Knowledge 306
V. Reasoning about Cognitive Processes 312
VI. The Influence of Task-Specific Variables 317
VII. Conclusions 334
References 337
Commentary 342
Part C: Categories, Concepts, and Learning 344
Chapter 9. Basic Levels in Artificial and Natural Categories: Are All Basic Levels Created Equal? 346
I. Introduction 347
II. Artificial Categories 350
III. The Basic Level in Natural Categories 351
IV. The Basic Level in Artificial Catgories 357
V. Metrics Theories and the Basic Level 362
VI. Further Complications 371
VII. Artificial Versus Natural Categories: Further Observations 382
VIII. Summary and Conclusions 391
References 393
Commentary 398
Chapter 10. Episodic Components of Concept Learning and Representation 400
I. Introduction 400
II. Theories Postulating an Abstractive Process 401
III. The Semantic-Episodic Distinction in Concept Learning and Representation 404
IV. Exemplar-Based Theories of Categorization 406
V. Evidence From the Author’s Laboratory 409
VI. Conditions Related to Episodic Effects 420
VII. A Processing Model 422
VIII. Conclusion 426
References 427
Commentary 430
Chapter 11. Modeling Category Learning and Use: Representation and Processing 432
I. Introduction 433
II. Assessing Classes of Models: Stationarity 436
III. Experimental Tests of Stationarity Models 444
IV. Assessing the Nature of Abstraction Via Multiple Tasks 455
V. Conclusions 464
References 466
Commentary 468
Chapter 12. Learning Categories With and Without Trying: Does It Make A Difference? 470
I. Introduction 470
II. Some Preliminary Comments 472
III. Task Demands, Stimulus Effects and Transfer-Appropriate Learning 485
IV. Abstracting Feature Correlations 499
V. Conclusions 506
References 508
Commentary 511
Chapter 13. Not Just Any Category: The Representation of the Self in Memory 514
I. Introduction 514
II. Measuring the Self-Schema: The Spontaneous Trait Generation (STG) Task 518
III. Is the Self a Special Category? 531
IV. Change and Development in Self-Schemas Over the LifeSpan 536
V. Summary and Conclusions 544
References 544
Commentary 549
Part D: Higher-Order Representation and Processing 550
Chapter 14. Perceptual Representations of Choice Alternatives 552
I. Introduction 552
II. Probabilitistic Theories of Choice 554
III. Attributes of Choice Alternatives and their Identification 556
IV. Models of Preference 566
V. The Instability of Stimul 570
VI. The Role of Constant Attributes in Choice 574
VII. Final Remark 582
References 583
Commentary 586
Chapter 15. The Effects of Representation on the Processing of Probabilistic Information 588
I. Introduction 588
II. Experiment 1. Salience and Unitary Stimuli 592
III. Experiment 2. Salience and Separable Stimuli 597
IV. Experiment 3. Salience and Other Separable Stimuli 600
V. Experiment 4. Salience and Other Unitary Stimuli 602
VI. Experiment 5. Salience Manipulated 604
VII. Experiment 6. The Salience of Shapes 607
VIII. Experiment 7. Equal Salience Found 609
IX. Experiment 8. Salience Explained 611
X Conclusions 615
References 617
Appendix 619
Commentary 621
Chapter 16. Reading Graphs: Interactions of Processing Requirements and Stimulus Structure 624
I. Introduction 624
II. Comparative Graphics 626
III. Proximity Compatibility: Matching Structure to Process 633
IV. Conclusions 659
References 659
Commentary 665
Chapter 17. Search Process Versus Pattern Structure In Chess Skill 668
I. Introduction 668
II. Theories of Chess Expertise 669
III. Recognition-Association 671
IV. Computer Play 680
V. The Seek Model 682
VI. Speed Play 689
VII. Conclusions 692
References 693
Commentary 696
Author and Subject Indexes 698