Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 26 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Erratum 10
Chapter 1. Structure of the Core and Lower Mantle 12
1. Introduction 12
2. Dynamo Energetics 15
3. Structure of the Outer Core 17
4. Structure of the Inner Core 23
5. Structure of D" 26
6. Structure of Deep-Mantle Plumes 30
7. Thermal History of the Earth 32
8. Summary Appendix. Energy Available from Gravitational Separation 35
References 38
Chapter 2. Pre-Pleistocene Paleoclimates: The Geological and Paleontological Evidence Modeling Strategies, Boundary Condition, and Some Preliminary Results
1. Introduction 47
2. Paleoclimatic Indicators 50
3. Pre-Pleistocene Paleoclimates and Paleoceanography 63
4. Forcing Mechanisms in Long-Term Climatic Change 85
5. Boundary Conditions for Paleoclimatic Modeling 91
6. Paleoclimatic Modeling Strategies 112
7. A Survey of Paleoclimatic Modeling Results 119
8. Summary 131
References 135
Chapter 3 Climate Model Simulations of CO2- Induced Climatic Change 152
1. Introduction 152
2. Mathematical Climate Models 154
3. Comparison of Model Simulations of CO2-Induced Climatic Change 163
4. Discussion 227
5. Conclusions and Recommendations 239
References 241
Chapter 4. Retrieval of Worldwide Precipitation and Allied Parameters from Satellite Microwave Observations 248
1. Introduction 249
2. The ESMR System 252
3. Conversion of Brightness Temperature to Rain Rate: A Theoretical Approach 257
4. Verification with Radar Data 260
5. Verification by a Specially Designed Experiment 263
6. Generation of Oceanic Rainfall Maps 268
7. Intercomparison 279
8. Analysis of Rainfall Maps 287
9. New Features of Global Climatology Revealed by ESMR Rainfall Studies 301
10. Periodic Variations of Precipitation in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean 308
11. Ice Mapping 315
12. Storm Structure Studies 319
13. Qualitative Estimation of Rainfall Over Land Areas 322
14. Retrieval of Other Geophysical Parameters 328
15. Conclusion Appendix. Explanatory Notes 336
References 342
Index 348