Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 21 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 8
Chapter 1. Driving Mechanisms for the Earth’s Dynamo 10
1. Introduction 10
2. Physical and Chemical Properties of the Earth's Core 12
3. Conservation Laws 25
4. Power Sources for the Magnetic Field 30
5. Implications of the Dynamics and Chemistry of the Core 45
6. Summary 50
List of Symbols 52
References 53
Chapter 2. Flexure 60
1. Introduction 60
2. Governing Equations 61
3. Lithospheric Buckling 63
4. Flexure with End Loading 64
5. Compensation of Loads 71
6. Axisymmetric Bending 75
7. Viscoelastic Flexure 79
8. Stress Relaxation 82
9. Plastic Yielding during Flexure 84
10. Conclusions 91
List of Symbols 92
References 93
Chapter 3. The Influence of Mountains on the Atmosphere 96
1. An Introduction to Mountain Effects 96
2. The Flow over Hills and the Generation of Mountain Waves 98
3. The Flow near Mesoscale and Synoptic-Scale Mountains 151
4. Orographic Control of Precipitation 178
5. Planetary-Scale Mountain Waves 204
References 226
Chapter 4. Climatic Effects of Cirrus Clouds 240
1. Introduction 240
2. Review of Previous Work 242
3. Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere 246
4. Heat and Radiation Budgets of the Atmosphere 260
5. Effects of Increased Cirrus Cloudiness 281
6. Concluding Remarks 292
References 293
Chapter 5. Spectral Energetics of the Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere 298
1. Introduction 298
2. Governing Equations 301
3. Data Sources and Procedure of Analysis 313
4. Zonal Mean Climatology of Basic Fields 314
5. Spatial Energetics 322
6. Spectral Energetics 346
7. Potential Energy Generation and Kinetic Energy Dissipation Calculated as Residuals 365
8. The Complete Energy Cycle 371
Appendix. Tables of Basic Calculations 376
List of Symbols 409
References 410
Subject Index 416