Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 12
Preface 6
Part I: Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls 18
Chapter 1. Introduction 20
Estimating Size of Interbreeding Population for a Species 25
Stratigraphic Framework 26
Chapter 2. Silurian-Devonian Community Framework 28
Overlapping Ranges of Taxa What is a Community?
Benthic Assemblage and Community Continuity 38
The Use of “Rare”, “Common”, and Poorly Studied Taxa for Characterizing Communities and Biogeographic Units 41
Level-Bottom Community Classification 43
Significance of the Low-Diversity Communities 51
Recognition of Community Mixtures 53
Shell Transportation and Mixing 57
Macrotidal and Microtidal Consequences 58
Anderson’s Model 60
Modern Continental-Shelf Environments Versus Ancient Platform Environments 64
Absolute Depth 66
Province and Community Extent 70
Number of Level-Bottom Communities 71
Chapter 3. Rates of Evolution 74
Point Sources, Marginal Sources, Broad Sources and Rates of Evolution 74
Absolute Time and Relative Time 79
Platform Versus Continental-Shelf Population Size Estimation 84
Some Thoughts About Diversity 84
Diversity, Rates of Evolution, and Climatic Correlation 99
Level-Bottom Diversity, Reef Diversity, Rocky-Bottom Diversity and Rates of Evolution 101
Reef Environments in Time 102
Worldwide and Regional Taxic-Diversity Gradients 103
Biogeographic Units, Reefs and Islands 108
Competition and Rates of Evolution 110
Rates of Evolution and Extinction, Biomass and Species Diversity their Relation to Nutrient Supply
Rates of Evolution in “Higher” and “Lower", Marine and Terrestrial, Mobile and Sessile Forms as Viewed from the Population-Size Position 119
Total Number of Species in the Record 120
Silurian-Devonian Evolutionary Rates and Patterns for Brachiopods Measuring Rate of Evolution 122
Rate of Extinction 127
Worldwide Extinction Events 130
Extinction Survivors 133
Chapter 4. Conclusions About Evolution and Extinction 136
Overall Synthesis of Population-Size Effects 136
Early and Middle Devonian 144
The Permo-Triassic Change 185
The Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary Change 186
Reasons for Differing Reef Abundances in Time 188
Deep Sea 188
Explosive Evolution? 190
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift 191
Correlation by Means of Fossils and Precision 192
Geographic Speciation 193
Geographic Speciation, Completeness of the Fossil Record and Rates of Evolution 195
Part II. Supporting Paleoecologic and Biogeographic Data 202
Chapter 5. Silurian-Devonian Community and Biogeographic History 204
Late Ordovician, Ashgill Background 204
Siluro-Devonian Communities 205
Devonian 209
Community Evolution 225
Community Succession 236
Lower Paleozoic Gastropod Diversity, Abundances and Potential Predator: Prey Relation 237
Chapter 6. Abundant Taxa Characteristic of Siluro-Devonian Level-Bottom Communities 240
Chapter 7. Biogeographic Framework 264
Provincialism or Environment Biogeographic Unit or Ecologic Unit?
Biogeographic Units 265
Causes of Provincialism and Faunal Barriers to Migration 267
Silurian Biogeography 304
Absence of Intermediate Forms 331
Biogeographic Distribution of Other Groups 332
Synchroneity in the Initiation and Termination of Provincialism 335
The Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Question 336
Part III. Summary 340
Chapter 8. Conclusions 342
Evolution Rate Conclusions 342
Silurian-Devonian Biogeographic Conclusions 345
Rate of Extinction 345
Hypersaline Water as a Biogeographic Barrier 345
Unimportance of Dolomitization as a Biogeographic Barrier 346
Species Diversity 346
Environmental Stability of Taxa During Evolution 346
Appendix I. Description of New Taxa for a Better Understanding of the Silurian and Devonian Problems Discussed 348
Superfamily Enteletacea 348
Superfamily Porambonitacea 350
Subgenus Savageina new subgenus 354
Superfamily Pentameracea 356
Superfamily Chonetacea 358
Superfamily Atrypacea 360
Superfamily Spiriferacea 361
Superfamily Stringocephalacea King, 1850 370
Appendix II. Supporting Comments for Stratigraphic Range Data and Taxonomic Relationship Information Shown in Fig.27 372
Notes 376
References 394
Index 410