Global Change: Mankind-Marine Environment Interactions (eBook)

Global Change:Mankind-MarineEnvironment Interactions 3
List of Chairmen 10
Foreword 11
Preface 23
Contents 27
Introduction 35
Aquaculture 43
A Few Examples of the Many Approaches to Salmon Resource Creation in Japan 44
1 Introduction 44
2 Materials and Methods 45
2.1 Bio-resources Characteristics Considered from the Changes in Rhodopsin Ratio 45
2.1.1 Materials 45
2.1.2 Analysis of Composition of Visual Pigment 46
2.2 Swimming Energy of Salmon Fry 46
2.2.1 Consumption of Oxygen 46
2.2.2 Consumption of Caloric Body Energy 47
3 Results and Discussion 47
3.1 Bio-resources Characteristics Considered from the Changes in Rhodopsin Ratio 47
3.1.1 Swimming Energy of Salmon Fry 49
References 52
Trials on New Methods for Seed Culture in Japanese Abalones 53
1 Introduction 53
2 First Experiment 54
2.1 Materials and Methods 54
2.2 Results and Conclusion of the First Experiment 54
3 Second Experiment 55
3.1 Materials and Methods 55
3.2 Results and Conclusions 56
4 Conclusion 57
References 57
A Multidisciplinary Approach for Anticipating the Presence of Genetically Modified Fish in France 58
1 Technological Reality 59
2 Risk of Fortuitous Presence and Effects on the Market 59
3 GMF Regulation 60
4 GMF Traceability 60
5 GMF and Ethics 62
6 Conclusions 62
References 62
Shrimp Aquaculture: From Extensive to Intensive Rearing, the Relationship with the Environment and The Key to Sustainability 63
1 Introduction 63
2 Results and Discussions 64
References 67
Quality Control of Cultured Fish by Feed Supplements 69
1 Introduction 69
2 Materials and Methods 69
2.1 Fish and Rearing Conditions 69
2.2 Biological Measurements 69
2.3 Vitality 69
2.4 Biochemical Measurement 70
3 Results and Discussion 70
3.1 Micro- and Macro-algae (Nakagawa et al., 2009) 70
3.2 Chitin (Nakagawa et al., 2009) 71
3.3 Lauric Acid (Ji et al., 2005) 71
References 72
Experimental Culture of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis - Nordsted, 1844 73
1 Introduction 74
2 Results and Discussion 74
References 74
Problems Associated with the Recovery on Landings of Black Sea Bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) Intensively Released in Hiroshima Bay, Japan 75
1 The Stock Enhancement Programs in Japan 75
2 Stock Enhancement Programs for the Main Target Species 76
3 Black Sea Bream Abundance Constraints in Hiroshima Bay 76
3.1 Reduction of the Wholesale Price 76
3.2 Black Sea Bream as a Predator of Pacific Oyster and Short-Necked Clam 77
3.3 The Quality of Black Sea BreamMeat 77
3.4 Other Biological Constraints 78
4 Lessons and Recommendations 78
4.1 Before Implementing the Stock Enhancement Program 78
4.2 During the Development Process of the Stock Enhancement Program 79
References 80
Effect of Wavelength of Intermittent Light on the Growth and Fatty Acid Profile of the Haptophyte Isochrysis galbana 81
1 Introduction 81
2 Materials and Methods 81
3 Results 82
4 Conclusion 83
References 83
Artificial reefs 84
Profile of Payao (Floating Artificial Reef or Fish Attracting Device) Fisheries of the Philippines 85
1 Introduction 85
2 Fishery Sub-sectors 85
3 Payao Fisheries 86
4 Fisheries Production 86
5 Payao Distribution 87
6 Catch Composition 87
6.1 Size Distribution 88
6.2 Maturity Stages 88
7 Future Directions 88
References 88
Monitoring of the Artificial Reef Fish Assemblagesof the Marine Protected Areas Along the Alpes-MaritimesCoast (France, North-Western Mediterranean) 90
1 Introduction 90
2 Materials and Methods 91
3 Results and Discussions 91
4 Conclusion 94
References 94
Artificial Reefs in French Law 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Immersion License 96
3 Granting Use of Maritime Public Domain Outside of Ports 97
4 Authorization of Marine Culture Exploitation 98
5 Conclusion 99
References 100
Contribution to the Planning of the Research in Artificial Reefs Programs 101
1 Introduction 101
2 Themas of Research 102
2.1 Coastal Oceanography 102
2.2 Physics 102
2.3 Sedimentology 103
2.4 Marine Biology 103
2.5 Physiology 103
2.6 Nutrition 103
2.7 Ecosystems and Role as Seminatural Park 104
2.8 Economy of These Submarine Animal Habitats 104
2.9 Management 104
2.10 Relationships with the Fishermen 104
2.11 Roles in Touristic Diving Activities 105
2.12 Juridic Status 105
3 Conclusions 105
References 105
Artificial Reefs in the Cote Bleue Marine Park: Assessment After 25 Years of Experiments and Scientific Monitoring 107
1 Introduction 107
2 Presentation of the Côte Bleue Marine Park 108
3 Description and Objectives of Artificial Reef Deployment 108
4 Main Results of Scientific Monitoring 110
4.1 Protection Reefs 110
4.2 Production Reefs 111
5 Conclusions 112
References 113
Artificial Reefs in Marseille: From Complex Natural Habitats to Concepts of Efficient Artificial Reef Design 114
The Dubai Underwater Observory Projects and Turtle Rehabilitation Unit 116
1 Introduction 116
2 Achievements 117
2.1 First Attempts 117
2.2 Positioning 117
3 Technical Description 118
4 Positioning Procedures 118
5 Discussion 120
6 Conclusions 120
References 120
Immersion of Artificial Reef in Ohya Island: Lessons From New Experiences 121
2 Introduction 121
3 Experiments 121
3.1 General Framework 121
3.2 Steps of Experiments 122
3.3 Following Observations 122
4 Conclusions 127
References 127
Development of Small and Lightweight Artificial Reeffor Fukutokobushi (Haliotis diversicolor diversicolor) 128
1 Introduction 128
2 Materials and Methods 128
3 Results and Discussion 128
4 Conclusion 129
Reference 129
Assessment of the Effect of Artificial Reef on Fish Distribution: The Combined Use of Acoustic Data and GIS 130
1 Introduction 130
2 The Assessment of the Fishing Ground Development in the Horizontal Plane 130
3 The Assessment of the Fishing Ground Development in the Vertical Plane 132
4 Discussion 133
References 134
Evaluation of Artificial Reefs Impact on Artisanal Fisheries: Necessity of Complementary Approaches 135
1 Introduction 135
2 Materials and Methods 136
2.1 Study Site and Artificial Reef System 136
2.2 Data Sampling and Analysis 137
2.2.1 Underwater Visual Census (UVC) 137
2.2.2 Landings Per Unit of Effort (LPUE) 137
2.2.3 Tagging 137
3 Results 137
3.1 UVC 137
3.2 LPUE 138
3.3 Tagging 139
4 Discussion 139
5 Conclusion 141
References 141
Operation Prado Reefs: A Model for Management of the Marseille Coast 144
1 Introduction 144
2 General Principles 145
3 Anticipated Organization 145
4 Description of Reef Architecture 146
5 Plan for Implantation 147
6 Initial Results (Fig. 2) 147
7 Monitoring and Development Program 147
8 Regulations and Management 149
9 Conclusion 149
References 149
Swimming Behavior of Juvenile Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Around Fish Aggragate Devices (F.A.D.S) in the Philippines 150
1 Introduction 150
2 Materials and Methods 150
3 Results 151
4 Discussion 152
5 Conclusions 152
References 152
Summary of French Artificial Reefs Immersions Since 1968, Sites, Volumes, Types and Costs 154
1 French Fisheries Situation 154
2 Towards national land plan establishment and policy 155
References 156
The Artificial Habitat, an Evolutionary Strategic Tool for Integrated Coastal Area Management 157
1 Introduction 157
2 The Geo-system: An Entry for the Integrated Management of Coastal Zone? 158
3 The Japanese Management Experience with the Service of a Strategy Type ICAM 159
4 Artificial Habitat, an Ownership Tool for Coastal Zone Management: The Example of French Overseas Reunion Island 160
5 Conclusion 161
References 162
Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Fish Assemblage on a Large Artificial Reef Assessed Using Multiple-Point Stationary Observations 163
1 Introduction 163
2 FISCHOM 164
3 Test Surveys of a High-Rise Artificial Reef 165
4 Data Analysis 165
5 Results 166
5.1 Fish Fauna (Fish Species Compositions) 166
5.2 Time Series and Diurnal Cycle of Fish Appearance 167
5.3 Fish Body Size 167
6 Discussion 167
7 Conclusion 168
References 168
Artificial Reefs: Perceptions and Impact on the Marine Environment 169
1 Introduction 169
2 An Inescapable Management 169
3 A Lack of Data and Indicators 170
4 A Response to a Limited Habitat and to Marine Biocenosis Devaluation? 170
5 Artificial Reefs and Bioethics 171
6 Multifunction Reefs 171
7 Multi-purpose Reef 171
8 Towards New Perspectives 172
9 Conclusion 172
Biodiversity 173
Characterization of Three Populations of Phallocryptus Spinosa (Branchiopoda, Crustacea) from North-East of Algeria 174
1 Introduction 174
2 Materials and Methods 174
3 Results 175
4 Discussion 175
5 Conclusions 175
References 176
Biological Invasion: The Thau Lagoon, a Japanese Biological Island in the Mediterranean Sea 177
1 Introduction 177
2 The Thau Lagoon Story 178
3 The Thau Lagoon “Japanese Botanical Garden” 178
4 The Thau Lagoon: A Japanese Landscape? 178
5 Conclusion 180
References 182
Distribution of Giant Viruses in Marine Environments 183
1 Introduction 183
2 Discoveries from the GiantMimivirus 184
3 Existence of Mimivirus Relativesin the Sea 184
4 Phylogenetic Mapping forthe Classification of Metagenomic Sequences 185
5 Abundance of Mimivirus-Like PolB Sequences in the Sea 186
6 Geographic Distribution 187
7 Concluding Remarks 187
References 188
Catch, Bycatch of Sharks, and Incidental Catch of Sea Turtlesin the Reunion-Based Longline Swordfish Fishery (Southwest Indian Ocean) Between 1997 and 2000 189
References 191
Biodiversity Requires Adaptations Under a ChangingClimate in Northwest Europe: Planning and Coastal Wildlife, the Example of Normandy in France 192
1 Introduction 193
2 Coastal Issues: The Exampleof Normandy 193
3 The Example of the Baie des Veys 194
4 Stakeholders and Climate Change 196
5 Conclusion 198
Taking Biodiversity into Account in Territorial Planning Documents: A Methodological Approach Applied to the Marine Field 199
1 Introduction 199
2 Material and Methods 200
3 Biodiversity in Planning Documents 200
4 Toward a Methodological Proposal 201
4.1 To Establish a better definitionof the term Biodiversity fromthe beginning of the process 202
4.2 Improve the integrationof various aspects of marine biodiversity 202
4.3 Establish a Knowledge Transferin a Participative Way 203
5 Conclusion 203
References 203
Coastal managements 205
Temporal Changes of Benthic Macrofauna of the Mellah Lagoon (Northeast Algeria): Effects of Development Works 206
1 Introduction 206
2 Methodology 206
3 Results and Discussion 206
4 Conclusion 207
References 207
Regional and Governmental Action Plan for Integrationof Port Development and Environmental Restoration 208
1 Introduction 208
2 Case 1: An Adaptive Approach to the Implementation of the Tokyo Bay Restoration Plan 209
2.1 Environmental Situationof Tokyo Bay 209
2.2 Tokyo Bay Restoration Plan 209
3 Case 2: An Ecosystem Approach in the Miakawa Port Development Plan 210
3.1 Mikawa Port Development Plan 210
3.2 Implementation of Ecosystem Approach 211
4 Conclusion 212
References 213
Towards Integrated Coastal and Ocean Policies in France: a Parallel with Japan 214
1 Introduction 215
2 Recent Elements of Reflections and Decisions 215
2.1 In Europe 215
2.2 In France 216
2.2.1 The European Framework 216
2.2.2 Marine Strategy Directive 216
2.2.3 France and Japan National Contexts: Fertile Grounds for Further Collaboration 218
References 219
Pôle de compétitivité Pôle Mer PACA: Maritime Cluster in Provence–French Riviera Region 220
4 Marine Energy Resources 225
5 Biology, Marine Biotechnology 225
Accumulation of Bromoform, a Chlorination Byproduct,by Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus 226
1 Introduction 226
2 Methods 226
3 Results and Discussion 228
References 230
Results of the Implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (I.C.Z.M) in Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur (P.A.C.A) and Outlook for the Mediterranean Context 231
1 Logical Commitment from the National to Local Level and Vice Versa 231
2 P.A.C.A’s “Family” of I.C.Z.M Projects 232
3 Geographic Scale 232
4 Implementation 233
5 Methodological Knowledge 233
6 Outlook for I.C.Z.M Deployment 234
6.1 Toward Strategic Planning 234
6.2 Toward an Appropriate Framework of Action 234
Reference 235
Outline of Ongoing Research Activities of the Marine Ecology Research Institute, Mainly Regarding Thermal Issues in Japan 236
1 What is MERI 236
2 Marine Thermal Issues in Which MERI Has Been Involved 237
3 Macrophyte bed survey throughout Japan 237
3.1 Intensive surveys aroundpower plants 237
3.2 Macrophyte Data Compiling 238
4 Surveys on Macrophyte Bed Damage by_Rabbit Fish, Siganus fuscescens, Feeding 238
5 Demonstration Surveyof Ecological Impact AssessmentUsing a Virtual Power Plant 238
6 Management of the Coastal Ecosystem Around the Power Plant 239
7 Offshore Environment Radioactivity 239
8 Projects Relating to CO2 Ocean Sequestration 239
9 Other Main Ongoing Projectsof MERI 240
9.1 Mussel Fouling and Jellyfish Invasion 240
9.2 Bioassey Technology Development 241
10 Conclusion 241
References 241
Mass Mortality of a Coral Community in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, Caused by the Discharge of Terrigenous Fine Particles 243
1 Introduction 243
2 Study Area and Methods 244
3 Results 245
3.1 Mass Mortality in the Coral Community 245
3.2 Causes of Mass Mortality 246
3.3 Sedimentation Rate and Grain Size Composition 246
3.4 Content of Calcium Carbonate, Total Nitrogen, and Carbon in the Sediments 247
4 Discussion 248
References 249
Observation of marine environment 251
Alister – Rapid Environment Assessment AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) 252
1 Introduction 252
2 Interest in AUVs 253
3 ALISTAR 3000 System 253
3.1 Description of the Alistar 3000 System 253
3.2 Missions 254
3.3 Inspection Capabilities 254
4 ALISTER AUV 254
4.1 Description of the ALISTER System 254
4.2 ALISTER Suite of Sensors 256
4.3 ALISTER Mission Management System 256
5 Conclusion: Toward the Future 257
Bathyscaphs, a Mediterranean Adventure in Marine Dialogues Between France and Japan 258
1 Introduction 258
2 Some Remarkable Points of History 259
3 Campaigns in Japan 260
4 The Role of Bathyscaphs Within the France–Japan Relationship in Oceanography 261
5 Role of the Mediterranean 261
6 Conclusions 262
References 263
Applied High-Temperature Superconductor Bulks and Wires to Rotating Machines for Marine Propulsion 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Design Concept of the Motor with Gd-123 Bulk HTS Pole-Field Magnets 265
3 Specifications of the Motor with Bi-2223 HTS Wire Winding Coils 266
4 Cooling and Magnetizing Properties of the Bulk-HTS Motor 266
5 Cooling and Magnetizing Properties of the Wire-HTS Motor 268
6 Conclusion 268
References 269
Oceanographic Real-Time Measurement on Buoyancy Beacon Feedback in the Rhône Delta and Gulf of Fos Fruce France 270
1 Introduction 270
2 Instrumentation Description 270
3 Operational Use and Research 271
4 Conclusions 271
Analysis of Phosphatase Activity from Aquatic HeterotrophicBacteria at the Single Cell Level by Flow Cytometry: Example ofa Development Achieved in the Regional Flow CytometryPlatform for Microbiology (Precym) Hosted by the OceanologyCenter of Marseille 273
1 Introduction 273
2 Flow Cytometry Principle 274
3 Why Is Flow Cytometry So Popular Among Microbiologists? 274
4 The Regional Flow Cytometry Platform for Microbiology (PRECYM) 275
4.1 Example of development achieved in PRECYM: Detection of phosphatase activity of heterotrophic prokaryotes characterized 275
5 Conclusion 276
References 276
Shadows by IXSEA: An Example of a Sonar Using the Latest Technologies in Acoustics, Positioning, Informatics, and Web Techniques 277
Relation Between Body Tilt Angle and Tail BeatAcceleration of a Small Fish, Parapristipoma trilineatum(Threeline Grunt), During Mobile and Immobile PeriodsMeasured with a Micro Data Logger 279
1 Introduction 279
2 Material and Methods 280
3 Results and Discussion 281
References 282
Marine Observation Using a Hybrid Glider 283
1 Hybrid Propulsion 283
2 Underwater Positioning 284
3 Conclusion 284
References 285
A New Method to Measure Prokaryote Respiration at the Single Cell Level by Flow Cytometry 286
1 Introduction 286
2 Assay on the Marine Bacteria Pseudomonas Nautica sp. 617 287
3 P. Nautica Staining with DiOC6(3) 287
4 Stimulation of P. Nautica Respiration 287
5 Conclusion 288
References 288
Rapid Enzymatic Method for the Enumeration of Fecal Enterococci in Seawater 289
1 Introduction 289
2 Materials and Methods 289
3 Results 290
4 Conclusion and Perspectives 290
References 291
Oxygen Distribution Heterogeneity Related to Bioturbation Quantified by Planar Optode Imaging 292
1 Introduction 292
2 Oxygen Planar Optode 293
2.1 Example of Application of the Oxygen Planar Optode 294
References 296
Using a New Fluorescent Probe of Silicification to Measure Species-Specific Activities of Diatoms Under Varying Environmental Conditions 298
1 Introduction 298
2 Methods for Labeling Si Deposition at the Cell Level 299
3 A Case Study: Preliminary Results on the Biogenic Silica Deposition Activity in a Diatom Community of the Polar Front Zone 301
4 Conclusion 302
References 302
Utilization of a submersible ultra-violet fluorometer for monitoring anthropogenic inputs in the Mediterranean Coasts 303
1 Introduction 303
2 Material and Methods 304
3 Results and Discussion 304
4 Conclusions 304
References 305
Temporal and Spatial High-Frequency Monitoring of Phytoplankton by Automated Flow Cytometry and Pulse-Shape Analysis 306
1 Introduction 306
2 Materials and Methods 307
2.1 Sampling Strategy 307
2.2 Flow Cytometry 307
2.3 Cytometric Softwares 308
3 Results 308
3.1 Short-Term Variability 308
3.2 Spatial Heterogeneity 308
4 Discussion and Conclusion 309
References 310
Deep Sea Net: An Affordable and Expandable Solution for Deep Sea Sensor Networks 312
1 Network Concept 312
2 Fiberoptic Microcable 312
2.1 FOMC Justification 312
2.2 FOMC Technical Issues 312
3 IP node 313
3.1 Electronics 313
3.2 Batteries 313
3.3 Node Integration 314
3.4 Wet Mateable Connectors 314
3.5 IP Node Operation and Management 315
4 Deep Sea Net Operating Modes 315
4.1 Sleeping Mode 315
4.2 Standard Mode 315
4.3 Emergency Mode 315
4.4 Alarm Mode 315
5 Applications and Interfaces 316
5.1 Remote Powered Applications 316
5.2 Autonomous Applications 317
6 Deployment Skid 317
7 Deep Sea Net Demonstration 317
8 Conclusion 318
References 318
Physical, Chemical, Biological andBiogeochemical Functioning 319
Distribution and Long-term variation of Turbidity in Tokyo Bay 320
1 Introduction 320
2 Methods 320
3 Results 321
4 Discussion 323
5 Conclusions 323
References 324
Evaluation of Chemical Contamination in the Western Mediterranean Using Mussel Transplants 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Materials and Methods 326
2.1 Transplantation 326
2.2 Recovery 326
2.3 Analysis 327
3 Results 327
3.1 Biometric Parameters 327
3.2 Contaminants 327
3.3 Models 328
3.4 Adjusted Data 328
4 Discussion 329
References 330
First Biological Data on the Marine Snails Osilinus turbinatus (Gastropoda, Trochidae) of Eastern Coasts of Algeria 331
1 Introduction 331
2 Material and Methods 331
3 Results 332
4 Conclusions 333
References 334
Combining Monitoring Networks, HydrodynamicModelling and Satellite Data to a Better Understandingof the Trophic Functioning o 335
1 Introduction 335
2 In Situ Monitoring Network 336
3 Modelling 337
4 Satellite Data 338
5 Results 338
6 Conclusion 341
References 343
Impact of Hydrocarbons on Marine Microbial Communities 344
1 Introduction 344
2 Oil contamination impact on microbial community structure 345
2.1 In Situ Studies 345
2.2 Microcosm Studies with Adapted Sediments 346
2.3 Microcosm Studies with Non-adapted Sediments 346
3 Bacterial Responses to Oil Contamination Functional Diversity 346
3.1 Expression of New Genes in Response to Hydrocarbon Pollution 347
4 Conclusion 348
References 348
Chemical Defense of Marine Organisms Against Biofouling Explored with a Bacterial Adhesion Bioassay 349
1 Introduction 349
2 Materials and Methods 350
2.1 Sampling, Purification and Identification of Natural Products 350
2.2 Bacterial Adhesion Assay 350
2.3 Modelization and Statistical Analyses 351
2.4 Results and Discussion 351
2.5 Which Molecules Were Identified from Dictyota sp.? 351
2.6 What Are the Bioassay Characteristics? 351
2.7 What About the Activity of Natural Products? 352
2.8. What Can We Infer from These Activities? 352
References 353
Temporal Evolution of Metals in the Two Most Industrialized and Densely Populated Gulfs of Greece, via Metal Accumulation by My 354
1 Introduction 354
2 Materials and Methods 355
3 Results and Discussions 356
References 356
Clipperton, a Meromictic Lagoon 357
1 Introduction 357
2 Materials and Methods 357
3 Results 358
4 Discussion 359
References 361
Experimental Characterization of the Oceanic Water Exchanges in a Macro-tidal Lagoon 363
1 Introduction 363
2 Field Experiment 364
2.1 Study Site 364
2.2 Sensor Deployment 364
2.2.1 Moorings Deployment 364
2.2.2 Description of Transect 364
2.3 Data Description 365
2.4 Data Processing 366
2.5 Velocity 367
Sec10_63 367
2.6 Fluxes 367
3 Conclusion 368
Reference 368
Modification of the Berre Lagoon Pelagic Ecosystem Since the 1980s 369
1 Introduction 369
2 Materials and Methods 370
3 Results and Discussion 370
References 372
Length-Weight Relationships and Reproductionof Three Coastal Sparidae (Diplodus cervinus cervinus,Boops boops, and Spondylios 373
1 Introduction 373
2 Materials and Methods 373
3 Results 373
4 Conclusion 375
References 375
Investigating and Assessing of the Quality of Seawater in the Marseille Coastal Zone: An Approach Using Lipid Class Biomarker 376
Sec1_66 376
References 377
Size Distributions of Low Molecular Weight Dicarboxylic Acids, Ketocarboxylic Acids and a-Dicarbonyls in the Marine Aerosols 378
1 Introduction 378
2 Samples and Methods 379
3 Results and Discussion 379
Dynamics of Two Greenhouse Gases, Methane and Nitrous Oxide, Along the Rhone River Plume (Gulf of Lions, Northwestern Mediterr 381
1 Introduction 381
2 Materials and Methods 382
3 Results and Discussion 382
3.1 Nitrous Oxide 382
3.2 Methane 384
4 Conclusion 386
References 387
Aerobic Metabolism of Vitamin E by Marine Bacteria: Interaction with Free Radical Oxidation (Autoxidation) Processes 388
1 Introduction 388
References 390
The MERMeX Program for the Mediterranean Sea 391
1 Discussion 391
References 394
Hydrocarbon Degradation in Coastal Muddy Areasand Anoxic Ecosystems (DHYVA Project): Role ofBacterial Mechanisms and Bioturba 395
1 Introduction 395
2 Materials and Methods 396
3 Results and Discussion 396
4 Conclusions 397
References 397
Impact of Red Mud Deposits in the Canyon of Cassidaigne on the Macrobenthos of the Mediterranean Continental Slope 398
1 Introduction 398
2 Material and Methods 398
3 Results 399
4 Discussion and Conclusions 401
References 401
Coastal Seawater Pollutants in the Coral Reef Lagoon of a Small Tropical Island in Development: The Mayotte Example (N Mozambi 402
1 Introduction 402
2 Materials and Sampling Time 403
3 Trace Metals 403
4 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) 405
5 Polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) Hydrocarbons 405
6 Conclusions 405
References 408
List of Oral Presentations 409
List of Participants 415
Photographs 427
Author Index 434