Integrated Systems of Meso-Meteorological and Chemical Transport Models (eBook)

Integrated Systems of Meso-Meteorological and Chemical Transport Models 3
Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Contributors 11
Chapter 1: Introduction - Integrated Systems: On-line and Off-line Coupling of Meteorological and Air Quality Models, Advantage and Disadvantages 17
1.1 Introduction 17
1.2 Methodology for Model Integration 19
1.3 Overview of European On-Line Integrated Models 20
1.4 Feedback Mechanisms, Aerosol Forcing in Meso-meteorological Models 22
1.5 Concluding Remarks 25
References 26
Part I: On-Line Modelling and Feedbacks 28
Chapter 2: On-Line Coupled Meteorology and Chemistry Models in the US 29
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 History of Coupled Chemistry/Air Quality and Climate/Meteorology Models 30
2.2.1 Concepts and History of On-Line Models 30
2.2.2 History of Representative On-Line Models in the US 32
2.3 Current Treatments in On-Line Coupled Models in the US 34
2.4 Major Challenges and Future Directions 44
Appendix - List of Acronyms and Symbols 47
References 49
Chapter 3: On-Line Chemistry Within WRF: Description and Evaluation of a State-of-the-Art Multiscale Air Quality and Weather Prediction Model 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 The On-Line Modelling Approach 55
3.2.1 Grid-Scale Transport of Species 55
3.2.2 Sub-Grid Scale Transport 56
3.2.3 Dry Deposition 56
3.2.4 Photolysis Frequencies 56
3.2.5 Gas-Phase Chemistry: Hard-Coded Chemical Mechanisms 57
3.2.6 Gas-Phase Chemistry: The WRF/Chem/KPP Coupler 58
3.2.7 Aerosol Modules 58
3.2.8 The Aerosol Direct Effect 60
3.2.9 The Aerosol Indirect Effect 61
3.2.10 Fire Plumerise 61
3.3 Model Evaluation and Scientific Applications 62
3.4 Ongoing Work with WRF/Chem 64
References 65
Chapter 4: Multiscale Atmospheric Chemistry Modelling with GEMAQ 68
4.1 Introduction 68
4.2 Methodology 69
4.2.1 Host Meteorological Model 69
4.2.2 Model Dynamics 69
4.2.3 Model Physics 69
4.2.4 Air Quality Modules 70
4.2.5 Gas Phase Chemistry 70
4.2.6 Aerosol Package 71
4.2.7 Gas-Phase Removal Processes 71
4.2.8 Emissions 71
4.3 Model Applications 72
References 72
Chapter 5: Status and Evaluation of Enviro-HIRLAM: Differences Between Online and Offline Models 74
5.1 Introduction 74
5.2 Model Description 75
5.3 Model Evaluation 77
5.3.1 Transport and Dispersion 77
5.3.1.1 Results and Discussion 78
5.3.2 Deposition 79
5.3.2.1 Results and Discussion 80
5.4 On-Line/Off-Line Comparison 81
5.4.1 Variability 81
5.4.1.1 Results and Discussion 82
5.5 Feedbacks 84
5.6 Conclusions 85
References 86
Chapter 6: COSMO-ART: Aerosols and Reactive Trace Gases Within the COSMO Model 88
6.1 Introduction 88
6.2 Method 88
6.3 Results 89
6.3.1 The Interaction of Mineral Dust with Radiation 89
6.3.2 The Interaction of Anthropogenic Aerosols with Radiation 91
6.4 Conclusions 92
References 92
Chapter 7: The On-Line Coupled Mesoscale Climate-Chemistry Model MCCM: A Modelling Tool for Short Episodes as well as for ClimatePeriods 94
7.1 Introduction 94
7.2 Description of MCCM 94
7.3 Applications 95
7.3.1 Evaluation Studies 95
7.3.2 Air Quality Studies 97
7.3.2.1 Effect of Highway Emissions 97
7.3.2.2 Scenario Simulations for Mexico City 98
7.3.2.3 Source Receptor Analysis 99
7.3.2.4 Climate Chemistry Simulations 99
7.4 Conclusions 100
References 100
Chapter 8: BOLCHEM: An Integrated System for Atmospheric Dynamics and Composition 102
8.1 Introduction 102
8.2 Model Description 102
8.3 Model Applications 103
8.3.1 Evaluation of Model Performances for Ozone 103
8.3.2 Ozone Sensitivity to Precursor Emission Reduction 104
8.3.3 Saharan Dust Transport 105
8.3.4 Lagrangian Transport and Etna Eruption 105
References 107
Part II: Off-Line Modelling and Interfaces 108
Chapter 9: Off-Line Model Integration: EU Practices, Interfaces, Possible Strategies for Harmonisation 109
9.1 Introduction 109
9.2 Off-Line Coupled Models and Interfaces 110
9.3 Air Quality Modelling System: Results 112
9.3.1 Interface Module and Model Nesting Effects on Air Quality Simulation 112
9.3.2 Dispersion Parametrization Effect 114
9.3.3 Surface Fluxes and Boundary Layer Parametrization Effect 115
9.3.4 Air Quality Initialisation at Regional and Urban Scale Effect 117
9.4 Summary and Discussion 118
References 119
Chapter 10: Coupling Global Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Models to ECMWF Integrated Forecasts System for Forecast and Data Assimilation Within GEMS 121
10.1 Coupling of Earth-System Components Models 121
10.2 The GEMS GRG Coupled System at ECMWF 123
10.2.1 Configuration of the GRG Coupled System 124
10.2.2 Initial Condition Handling Within Coupled Experiments and Feedback 125
10.2.3 Computational Performance of the GRG Coupled System 126
10.2.4 Dislocation and Feed-Back Delay 127
10.3 Specific Issues of the GRG Coupled System 128
10.3.1 Formulation of Tendency Terms 128
10.3.2 Implementation of GRG-Tracers Tendency Application in the IFS 129
10.3.3 A Diagnostic NOx Inter-conversion Operator for Fast Reaction Not Captured by the Coupled Approach 131
10.4 Testing the Scientific Integrity of the GRG Coupled System in Forecast Mode 133
References 134
Chapter 11: The PRISM Support Initiative, COSMOS and OASIS4 136
11.1 The PRISM Concept, Goals, and Organization 136
11.1.1 PRISM Areas of Expertise 137
11.1.1.1 PAE ``Code Coupling and I/O´´ 137
11.1.1.2 PAE ``Integration and Modelling Environments´´ 138
11.1.1.3 PAE ``Data Processing, Visualisation and Management´´ 139
11.1.1.4 PAE ``Metadata´´ 139
11.1.1.5 PAE ``Computing´´ 140
11.2 COSMOS: COmmunity Earth System MOdelS 140
11.2.1 Organisation 141
11.2.2 The COSMOS Models 141
11.2.3 Atmosphere Chemistry 142
11.3 The OASIS Coupler 143
11.3.1 Coupling Configuration 143
11.3.2 Process Management 143
11.3.3 Coupling Field Transformation and Regridding 144
11.3.4 Communication: The OASIS4 PSMILe Software Layer 145
11.3.5 The OASIS4 Users 146
11.4 Final Remarks 147
Appendix A: List of Acronyms 147
References 148
Chapter 12: Integrated Modelling Systems in Australia 149
12.1 Introduction 149
12.2 The Air Pollution Model 150
12.3 Learnings from Air Pollution Studies 151
12.4 Larger-Scale Integrated Pollution Modelling in Australia 151
12.5 Future Directions 153
References 153
Chapter 13: Coupling of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting: Progress and Plans at met.no 156
13.1 Introduction 156
13.2 Off-Line Coupling of Meteorological and Chemical Transport Models 157
13.3 Evaluation of Urban Air Quality Forecasts 158
13.4 Issues to Consider for NWP Models Providing Data for Air Pollution Models 160
13.4.1 Surface Classes 160
13.4.2 Physical Parametrizations 161
References 161
Chapter 14: A Note on Using the Non-hydrostatic Model AROME as a Driver for the MATCH Model 163
14.1 Introduction 163
14.2 Mass Conservation Test Run 164
14.3 Conclusions 165
References 165
Chapter 15: Aerosol Species in the Air Quality Forecasting System of FMI: Possibilities for Coupling with NWP Models 166
15.1 Introduction 166
15.2 Materials and Methods 166
15.2.1 The Forecasting System 166
15.2.2 The SILAM Model 167
15.3 Evaluation of the Forecasting System 168
15.4 Feedbacks with the Off-Line Coupled Modelling Systems 171
15.5 Conclusion 172
References 173
Chapter 16: Overview of DMI ACT-NWP Modelling Systems 174
16.1 Introduction 174
16.2 Meteorological Model: HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM) 176
16.3 Tropospheric Chemistry-Aerosol-Cloud Modelling System 177
16.4 Enviro-HIRLAM (Environment-HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model) 178
16.5 Danish Emergency Response Model of the Atmosphere (DERMA) 179
16.6 Urban Scale High Resolution Modelling 180
16.7 Micro-scale Model for Urban Environment (M2UE) 181
16.8 Example of Chemical Weather Forecasting 182
References 183
Part III: Validation and Case Studies 186
Chapter 17: Chemical Modelling with CHASER and WRF/Chem in Japan 187
17.1 Introduction 187
17.2 Global Chemical Weather Forecasting System 188
17.3 Results 189
17.3.1 Meteorological Fields 190
17.3.2 Comparison with Ground-Based Observations 191
17.3.3 Convective Outflow During PEACE-B Campaign 193
17.4 Summary and Conclusions 196
Appendix A: One-Way Nested Global Regional Model Based on CHASER and WRF/Chem 196
References 198
Chapter 18: Operational Ozone Forecasts for Austria 201
18.1 Introduction 201
18.2 Description of the Modelling System 201
18.3 Operational Forecasts 2006 202
18.4 Conclusion 204
References 205
Chapter 19: Impact of Nesting Methods on Model Performance 206
19.1 Introduction 206
19.2 Method 206
19.3 Simulation Set-up 208
19.4 Simulation Results 209
19.5 Conclusions and Outlook 210
References 211
Chapter 20: Running the SILAM Model Comparatively with ECMWF and HIRLAM Meteorological Fields: A Case Study in Lapland 212
20.1 Introduction 212
20.2 Methods 212
20.3 Results 213
20.4 Discussion 214
20.5 Conclusions 216
References 217
Part IV: Strategy for ACT-NWP Integrated Modeling 218
Chapter 21: HIRLAM/HARMONIE-Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models Integration 219
21.1 Introduction to HIRLAM-ACTM Integration 219
21.2 On-Line and Off-Line Coupling of HIRLAM and ACTM 221
21.3 Improvements in Meteorology and Output 223
21.4 Implementation of Chemistry, Aerosols and Feedback Mechanisms into Online Coupled ACTM-HIRLAM/HARMONIE 225
21.5 Improvement of Advection Schemes 226
21.6 Importance of Data Assimilation and Problems with Data Assimilation for Chemistry 227
21.7 Short-Term Perspectives and Long-Term Plans 227
References 229
Chapter 22: Summary and Recommendations on Integrated Modelling 232
22.1 Introduction 232
22.2 On-Line and Off-Line Coupling of Meteorological and Air Quality Models 233
22.3 Implementation of Feedback Mechanisms, Direct and Indirect Effects of Aerosols 234
22.4 Advanced Interfaces Between NWP and ACTM Models 238
22.5 Model Validation Studies, Including Air Quality Related Episode Cases 239
Index 241