Hydrogeodynamics of Oil and Gas Basins (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 7
Introduction 13
1 Existing Views on Fluidodynamics in Petroliferous Formations 18
References 28
2 Investigation Methods of Deep Fluidodynamics 31
2.1 Methods of Formation Pressure Reducing 32
2.2 Assessment of Directions of Density-Variable Fluid Flows by the Filtration Force Method 40
2.3 The Direct Method of Assessing Density-Variable Deep Fluid Flow Directions 42
2.4 Modeling Methods in the Studies of Deep Fluid Flows 43
2.5 Compilation Methods of Regional Potentiometric Maps for Petroliferous Formations 46
2.6 Methods of Compiling Hydrogeodynamic Maps 47
2.7 Investigation Methods of Temperature and Concentration Fields 50
References 51
3 Role of Regional Infiltration Recharge Sources in the Formation of Deep Fluids and Petroliferous Basin Hydrodynamic Zoning 53
3.1 Role of Petroliferous Basin Periphery in Recharge of Deep Fluids 53
3.2 Hydrodynamic Zones in Petroliferous Basins 56
References 61
4 Elision Recharge and Paleomigration of Deep Fluids 62
References 71
5 Genesis of Abnormally High Formation Pressures 73
5.1 The Relaxation Period of Abnormally High Formation Pressures 75
5.2 Possibilities for Development of Fluidodynamic Horizontal Boundaries in Clayey Sequences 77
5.2.1 Variant 1 81
5.2.2 Variant 2 81
5.2.3 Variant 3 83
5.2.4 Variant 4 83
5.2.5 Variant 5 83
5.2.6 Variant 6 83
5.2.7 Variant 7 84
5.3 Main Factors and Processes Responsible for Development of Abnormally High Formation Pressures 85
5.3.1 Elision Processes 86
5.3.2 Dehydration of Clay Minerals 87
5.3.3 Tectonic Forces (External Factor) 88
5.3.4 Additional Recharge 95
5.3.5 Catagenetic Processes 97
5.3.6 Chemical Processes 98
5.3.7 Temperature Changes 98
References 101
6 Development of Filtration Properties in Deep Formations of Petroliferous Basins 102
6.1 Development of Reservoir Properties in Terrigenous Formations 103
6.1.1 Sedimentation Settings 103
6.1.2 Catagenetic Rock Transformations 107
6.1.3 Compaction 107
6.1.4 Dissolution 110
6.1.5 Cementation 112
6.1.6 Tectonics 118
6.1.7 Hydraulic Fracturing 119
6.2 Development of Reservoir Properties in Carbonate Rocks 121
6.2.1 Compaction 122
6.3 Formation of Clayey Reservoirs 125
6.3.1 Geostatic Compaction 126
6.3.2 Temperature and Mineralization 126
6.3.3 Mineralogical Composition of Clayey Rocks 128
6.4 Permeability of Saliferous Rocks 139
6.5 Conclusions 140
References 141
7 Fluidodynamics in Deep Formations of the West Siberian Petroliferous Basin 143
7.1 Geological and Tectonic Structure 143
7.1.1 Lower--Middle Jurassic Complex (J 1--2 ) 143
7.1.2 Upper Jurassic0Lower Valanginian Complex (J 3 0K 1 v) 145
7.1.3 Lower Cretaceous0Cenomanian Complex (K 1 a0K 2 sm) 145
7.1.4 Upper Cretaceous--Paleogene Complex (K 2 --P) 146
7.1.5 Paleogene--Quaternary Complex (P--Q) 146
7.1.6 Tectonics 146
7.2 Hydrogeological Conditions of the Basin 149
7.2.1 Aptian0Cenomanian Aquifer (K 1 a0K 2 sm) 149
7.2.2 Neocomian Petroliferous Complex (K 1 v--b) 150
7.2.3 Lower--Middle Jurassic Petroliferous Complex (J 1--2 ) 151
7.3 Some Peculiarities in Filtration Properties of Rocks 153
7.4 Influence of Peripheral Areas of the Basin on Fluidodynamics in Petroliferous Formations 158
7.4.1 Characteristic of Areas Providing Recent Infiltration Recharge of Deep Fluids 159
7.4.2 Characteristic of Present-Day Deep Fluid Discharge Areas 162
7.4.3 Discharge Stimulated by Recovery of the Lower Hydrogeological Stage Due to Erosion 164
7.4.4 Discharge Along Tectonic Fractures and Brecciation Zones 166
7.4.5 Discharge in the Form of Ascending Migration of Deep Fluids Through Low-Permeability Rocks 166
7.5 Influence of the Elision Recharge on Formation Pressures at Deep Levels 172
7.6 Fluidodynamics of Deep Formations in Central Areas of the Basin 177
7.6.1 Salym Field 178
7.6.2 Western Surgut Field 182
7.6.3 Kharasavei Field 186
7.6.4 Ust-Balyk Field 188
7.7 Vertical Paleomigration of Deep Fluids 192
7.8 Main Conclusions 195
References 195
8 Fluidodynamics in Hydrocarbon-Bearing Formations of the Northern Pechora Petroliferous Basin 198
8.1 Geological Structure 198
8.1.1 Paleozoic Group (PZ) 198
8.1.2 Cambrian System 198
8.1.3 Ordovician System (O) 200
8.1.4 Silurian System (S) 200
8.1.5 Devonian System (D) 200
8.1.5.1 Lower Series (D1) 200
8.1.5.2 Middle Series (D2) 201
8.1.5.3 Upper Series (D3) 201
8.1.5.4 Frasnian Stage (D3f) 201
8.1.5.5 Famennian Stage (D3fm) 202
8.1.6 Carboniferous System (C) 202
8.1.6.1 Lower Series (C1) 202
8.1.6.2 Middle Series (C2) 202
8.1.6.3 Upper Series (C3) 202
8.1.7 Permian System (P) 202
8.1.7.1 Lower Series (P1) 203
8.1.7.2 Upper Series (P2) 203
8.1.8 Mesozoic Group (MZ) 203
8.1.9 Triassic System (T) 203
8.1.10 Jurassic System (J) 204
8.1.11 Cretaceous System (K) 204
8.1.12 Cenozoic Group (KZ) 204
8.2 Tectonics 205
8.3 Hydrogeological Conditions 206
8.3.1 Upper Jurassic0Cretaceous Confining Sequence (J 3 -K) 207
8.3.2 Jurassic Aquifer (J) 207
8.3.3 Upper Permian0Triassic Aquifer (P 2 -T) 208
8.3.4 Lower Permian (Kungurian) Confining Sequence (P2kg) 208
8.3.5 Upper Visean0Artinskian Aquifer (C 1 v 3 0P 1 ar) 208
8.3.6 Visean Confining Sequence (C 1 v 1 ) 209
8.3.7 Upper Frasnian0Tournaisian Complex (D 3 f 3 0C 1 t) 209
8.3.8 Kynov0Sargaevo (Lower Frasnian) Confining Sequence (D 3 kn-sr) 209
8.3.9 Middle Devonian--Lower Frasnian Aquifer (D2-D3f1) 210
8.3.10 Ordovician (Silurian)0Lower Devonian Aquifer (O0D 1 ) 210
8.3.11 Vendian0Lower Cambrian Aquifer (V0 ) 211
8.3.12 Riphean Aquifer (R) 211
8.4 Methods Used for the Analysis of Fluid Geodynamics in Deep Formations of the Pechora Petroliferous Basin 211
8.5 Fluid Dynamics in Deep Formations of Individual Well-Studied Structures 219
8.6 Regional Peculiarities of Fluidodynamics in the Pechora Petroliferous Basin 221
8.6.1 Silurian--Lower Devonian Petroliferous Complex 223
8.6.2 Upper Permian--Triassic Petroliferous Complex 225
8.7 Abnormally High Formation Pressures in the Northern Pechora Petroliferous Basin 226
8.8 The Temperature Field in Deep Formations 229
8.9 Distribution of Deep Fluid Mineralization 236
8.10 Typification of Hydrodynamic Blocks 242
8.10.1 Blocks of the First Type 244
8.10.2 Blocks of the Second Type 245
8.10.3 Blocks of the Third Type 246
8.10.4 Blocks of the Fourth Type 246
8.10.5 Blocks of the Fifth Type 247
8.10.6 Blocks of the Sixth Type 247
8.11 Conclusions 247
References 248
9 Fluidodynamics in Deep Formations of the Eastern Ciscaucasia Petroliferous Basin 250
9.1 Geological Structure 250
9.1.1 The Jurassic System 250
9.1.1.1 The Lower Jurassic Series (J1) 250
9.1.1.2 The Middle Jurassic Series (J2) 250
9.1.1.3 The Upper Jurassic Series (J3) 252
9.1.2 The Cretaceous System 252
9.1.2.1 The Lower Cretaceous Series (K1) 252
9.1.2.2 The Upper Cretaceous Series (K2) 252
9.1.3 The Cenozoic Group 252
9.1.3.1 The Paleocene Series (P1) 252
9.1.3.2 The Eocene Series (P2) 253
9.1.3.3 The Maikop Group (Oligocene 0 Lower Miocene, P 3 - N 1 ) 253
9.1.3.4 The Miocene Series (N1) 253
9.1.3.5 The Pliocene Series (N2) 253
9.1.4 The Quaternary System (Q) 253
9.2 Tectonics 253
9.3 Hydrogeological Conditions 255
9.3.1 The Maikop Aquifer 256
9.3.2 The Paleocene--Eocene Aquifer 256
9.3.3 The Upper Cretaceous Petroliferous Complex 257
9.3.4 The Lower Cretaceous Petroliferous Complex 258
9.3.5 The Upper Jurassic Petroliferous Complex 258
9.3.6 The Lower--Middle Jurassic Petroliferous Complex 259
9.3.7 The Permian--Triassic Petroliferous Complex 260
9.4 Influence of Peripheral Parts of the Basin on Fluidodynamics in Deep Petroliferous Complexes 261
9.5 Influence of Elision Recharge on the Formation of Deep Fluid Pressures 272
9.6 Local Fluidodynamics in Individual Structures of the Basin 274
9.6.1 The Russkii Khutor Severnyi Settlement 278
9.6.2 The Zapadno-Mekteb Field 280
9.6.3 The Velichaevsk Area 280
9.6.4 The Achikulak Area 280
9.6.5 The Ozek-Suat Area 283
9.7 Abnormally High Formation Pressures 285
9.8 Regional Fluidodynamics in the Eastern Ciscaucasia Petroliferous Basin 286
9.9 Conclusions 296
References 297
10 Fluidodynamics in Deep Formations of the BukharaKarshi Petroliferous Basin 298
10.1 Stratigraphy 298
10.1.1 Mesozoic Group (MZ) 298
10.1.1.1 Jurassic System (J) 298
10.1.1.2 Cretaceous System (K) 300
10.1.2 Cenozoic Group (KZ) 300
10.1.2.1 Paleogene (P) 300
10.1.2.2 Neogene (N) 300
10.2 Tectonics 301
10.2.1 Bukhara Step 301
10.2.2 Chardzhou Step 302
10.3 Hydrogeological Conditions 303
10.3.1 Turonian--Paleocene Petroliferous Complex 303
10.3.2 Albian--Cenomanian Petroliferous Complex 303
10.3.3 Jurassic Petroliferous Complex 303
10.4 Influence of Peripheral Basin Areas on Fluidodynamics in Petroliferous Complexes 304
10.4.1 Turonian--Paleocene Groundwater Complex 304
10.4.2 Albian--Cenomanian Petroliferous Complex 306
10.4.3 Jurassic Petroliferous Complex 307
10.5 Local Fluidodynamics in Particular Basin Structures 307
10.6 Abnormally High Formation Pressures 309
10.7 Regional Fluidodynamic Features of the Basin 314
10.7.1 Jurassic Petroliferous Complex 314
10.7.2 Albian--Cenomanian Petroliferous Complex 314
10.7.3 Turonian--Paleocene Petroliferous Complex 314
10.7.4 Main Inferences 315
References 315
11 Heat and Mass Transfer in Deep Formations of Petroliferous Basins 316
11.1 Palynological Analysis: Evidence for Vertical Migration of Deep Fluids 316
11.2 Anomalies in Deep Formations and Vertical Ascending Migration of Deep Fluids 318
11.3 Main Inferences 327
References 327
12 Genesis of Boundaries Forming the Stratum-Block Structure of Deep Formations in Petroliferous Basins 330
References 336
13 Principal Formation Model of Deep Fluids in Petroliferous Basins 338
References 352
14 Oil Origin and Formation of Hydrocarbon Accumulations 353
14.1 Hydrogeological Aspects of Oil Origin and Formation of Hydrocarbon Fields 353
14.2 Recent Hypotheses (Theories) of Oil Origin 357
14.2.1 Sedimentary-Migratory Hypothesis 357
14.2.2 Shortcomings of the Sedimentary-Migratory Oil Origin ''Theory'' 361
14.2.2.1 General (Geological) Considerations 361
14.2.3 Isotopic Composition of Gases 363
14.2.4 Mineral (Inorganic) Theory 367
14.2.5 Artificial Synthesis of Hydrocarbons 370
14.2.6 Optical Properties of Oils 370
14.2.7 The Mineral--Organic Hypothesis 374
14.2.8 Subaqueous Hydrothermal Vents 377
14.2.9 Hydrothermal Springs on Continents 380
14.2.10 Hydrothermal Hydrocarbon Accumulations 384
14.3 Principal Inferences 385
References 386
Conclusion 391
Index 396