Traceability in Chemical Measurement (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Measurement principles for traceability in chemical analysis 12
Protocols for traceability in chemical analysis - Part I: Definitions and terminology 23
Protocols for traceability in chemical analysis - Part II: Design and use 35
Metrological traceability in laboratory medicine 40
Traceability and analytical chemistry 47
Do interlaboratory comparisons provide traceability? 56
From total allowable error via metrological traceability to uncertainty of measurement of the unbiased result 61
Practical considerations on the traceability to conventional scales 66
Traceability of (values carried by) reference materials 75
What can we learn from traceability in physical measurements? 81
How to achieve international comparability for chemical measurements 85
The key elements of traceability in chemical measurement: agreed or still under debate? 90
The practical realization of the traceability of chemical measurements standards 96
Link to the SI via primary direct methods 104
The role of reference materials 108
The measurement assurance concept in calibration and traceability at NBS/NIST 113
Lifetime of the traceability chain in chemical measurement 116
Proficiency evaluation as a traceability link in chemical metrology 120
Achieving traceability in chemical measurement – a metrological approach to proficiency testing 125
Traceability issues in measurement 132
Comparative study of the presentations at the CCQM workshop on traceability 136
Traceability in laboratory medicine 139
Testing for foods derived from modern biotechnology: opportunities and limitations for metrology 145
A national traceability system for chemical measurements 152
Establishing measurement traceability in clinical chemistry 158
Clinical Laboratory Reference Networks 171
One way of disseminating reference values with demonstrated traceability and demonstrated uncertainty to field laboratories: IMEP 177
Implementation of traceability – needs and perspective of the in-vitro-diagnosticum industry 186
Improvements in efficiency of production and traceability for certification of reference materials 188
Traceable measurements in clinical laboratories 195
A traceability protocol to the SI by gravimetric analysis 203
Reference samples for analysis of gas impurities in aluminium and titanium alloys: Features of production, certification and usage to ensure traceability of results 206
The use of certified reference materials in the Romanian traceability scheme 210
Traceable measurements of pH 217
The development of gas standards and calibration techniques for measurements of vehicle, aircraft and industrial emissions, natural gas, occupational exposure and air quality 223
Problems of traceability of total protein and catecholamine determinations in human urine 233
Traceability in routine chemical measurements: an example of application in the determination of CO2 at atmospheric concentration 237
Traceability of measurement results of the effective acquisition time in gamma-ray spectrometry implemented by the pulser method 241
Practical ways in establishing traceability in chemical and other measurements in Mexico 250
Benefits of the implementation of a metrological structure for water analyses 256
Validation steps for traceability of linear calibrated chemical measurements 264
Traceability, is it what we really want in our chemical measurements? 270
On the existence of primary methods of measurement 273
Traceability and uncertainty - A comparison of their application in chemical and physical measurement 275
Traceability and its role in interlaboratorycomparisons (proficiency testing programmes), modeled on trace element determination in biological materials 278
Traceable property values of in-house reference materials 280
Primary reference materials and traceability chain for gas composition 283
Traceability to units 286
Traceability without uncertainty: current situation in the pharmaceutical industry 288
The role of reference materials in analytical chemistry 290
Meeting ISO/IEC 17025 Traceability Requirements 295
UK delivery of traceable chemical measurements in the 21st century: building on the foundation of the VAM programme 298
Disseminating traceability in chemical measurement: Principles of a new EURACHEM/CITAC guide 301
Traceability in chemical measurement 304
Glossary of analyticalterms 306