Fiber Optics Engineering (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Chapter 1 Fiber Optic Communications: A Review 14
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 The nature of light 16
1.3 The electromagnetic spectrum 23
1.4 Elements of a fiber optic link 26
1.5 Light sources, detectors, and glass fibers 28
1.6 Advantages of fiber optics 33
1.7 Digital and analog systems 34
1.8 Characterization of fiber optic links 35
1.9 Summary 38
References 39
Chapter 2 Communication Networks 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Network topologies 41
2.3 Telecommunication networks 45
2.4 Networking spans 50
2.5 Hierarchical structure of networks 52
2.6 Circuit switching and packet switching networks 55
2.7 SONET/SDH 58
2.8 WDM networks 61
2.9 Passive optical networks (PONs) 67
2.10 Summary 69
References 71
Chapter 3 Signal Characterization and Representation 73
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Signal analysis 73
3.3 High-speed electrical signals 80
+ + + - 87
3.4 Optical signals 91
3.5 Spectral characteristics of optical signals 100
3.6 Summary 103
References 104
Chapter 4 Semiconductor Lasers 106
4.1 Introduction 106
4.2 Optical gain and optical oscillation 106
4.3 Physical processes for optical amplification 109
4.4 Optical amplification in semiconductors 111
4.5 Rate equation approximation 114
4.6 Semiconductor laser structures 128
4.7 Summary 134
References 135
Chapter 5 Optical Fibers 137
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Optical fiber materials, structure, and transmission windows 137
5.3 Guided waves in fibers 141
5.4 Attenuation 145
5.5 Dispersion 148
5.6 Nonlinear effects in fibers 154
5.7 Fiber amplifiers 159
f 160
5.8 Summary 161
References 163
Chapter 6 PIN and APD Detectors 166
6.1 Introduction 166
6.2 The PIN diode and photon–electron conversion 166
6.3 Avalanche photodiode (APD) 171
6.4 Noise in photodetectors 175
6.5 Photodetector materials and structures 179
6.6 Summary 182
References 183
Chapter 7 Light Coupling and Passive Optical Devices 185
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Coupling light to and from a fiber 185
7.3 Fiber-to-fiber coupling 190
7.4 Passive components 196
7.5 Summary 201
References 203
Chapter 8 Optical Transmitter Design 206
8.1 Introduction 206
8.2 Transmitter optical subassembly (TOSA) 207
8.3 Biasing the laser: the basic LI curve 208
8.4 Average power control (APC) 210
8.5 Modulation circuit schemes 216
8.6 Modulation control, open loop vs. closed loop schemes 223
8.7 External modulators and spectral stabilization 226
8.8 Burst mode transmitters 228
8.9 Analog transmitters 231
8.10 High-frequency design practices 234
8.11 Summary 239
References 240
Chapter 9 Optical Receiver Design 242
9.1 Introduction 242
9.2 Receiver optical subassembly (ROSA) 242
9.3 Limiting amplifier 249
9.4 Clock and data recovery 252
9.5 Performance of optical receivers 253
9.6 Characterization of clock and data recovery circuits 260
9.7 Burst mode receivers 264
9.8 Summary 268
References 269
Chapter 10 Reliability 272
10.1 Introduction 272
10.2 Reliability, design flow, and design practices 273
10.3 Electrical issues 278
10.4 Optical issues 284
10.5 Thermal issues 286
10.6 Mechanical issues 289
10.7 Software issues 292
10.8 Reliability quantification 295
10.9 Summary 300
References 301
Chapter 11 Test and Measurement 304
11.1 Introduction 304
11.2 Test and measurement: general remarks 304
11.3 Optical power 306
11.4 Optical waveform measurements 308
11.5 Spectral measurements 316
11.6 Link performance testing 320
11.7 Analog modulation measurements 324
11.8 Summary 329
References 330
Chapter 12 Standards 333
12.1 Introduction 333
12.2 Standards development bodies 333
12.3 Standards classifications and selected lists 337
12.4 Fiber standards 351
12.5 Laser safety 352
12.6 SFF-8472 digital monitoring interface 353
12.7 Reliability standards 355
12.8 Networking standards 357
12.9 Summary 362
References 363
Appendix A Common Acronyms 366
Appendix B Physical Constants 368