Chemical Oceanography, Second Edition

Millero; Frank J. University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA,

DESCRIPTIVE OCEANOGRAPHY
Physical Characteristics of the Oceans
Distribution of Temperature and Salinity for Ocean Waters
Circulation and Water Masses of the Oceans
Atlantic Ocean Waters
Southern Ocean Waters
Pacific Ocean Waters
Indian Ocean Waters
Arctic and Adjacent Seas
Closed Basins
Use of Chemical Tracers in Oceanography
Carbon-14
Tritium and Helium-3
Chlorofluorohydrocarbons
The Age of Water Masses
Further Reading
THE COMPOSITION OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SEAWATER
Introduction
Method of Determination
Composition and Stoichiometry of Average Seawater
The Concept of Salinity
Methods of Determining Salinity
Causes of the Major Components Not Being Conservative
Isotopic Variations
MINOR COMPONENTS OF SEAWATER
Classification of Elements
Residence Time
Distribution of Trace Elements in the Oceans
Biological Interactions
Geochemical Balance
IONIC INTERACTIONS
Water, the Unique Solvent
Review of Water Structure
Ion-Water Interactions
Ion-Ion Interactions
Ion Pairing Model
Specific Interaction Model
The Physical Properties of Seawater
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Greenhouse Gases
Loss of Ozone
The Sulfur Cycle
DISSOLVED GASES OTHER THAN CO2
Composition of the Atmosphere
Dissolution of Gases in Seawater
Air-Sea Exchange
Non-Reactive Gases in Seawater
Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater
Other Non-Conservative Gases in Seawater
Structural Aspects of the Solubility of Gases
THE CARBONATE SYSTEM
Acid-Base Equilibria in Seawater
Equilibria of Carbonate Species
Parameters Of the CO2 System in Seawater
Distribution of Carbonate Species
CaCO3 Dissolution
MICRONUTRIENTS IN THE OCEANS
Phosphate in Seawater
Determination of Phosphate
Distribution of Phosphate
Nitrogen Compounds in Seawater
Determination of Nitrogen Compounds
Distribution of Nitrogen Compounds
Nitrogen to Phosphorus Ratio
Silicon in Seawater
Determination of Silicon
Distribution of Silicon
Use of Nutrients as Water Mass Tracers
PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN THE OCEANS
Primary Productivity
The Iron Hypothesis
Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter
Dissolved Organic Matter
Particulate Organic Matter
Organic Matter Sources
Terrestrial Input by Rivers
Terrestrial Input from the Atmosphere
Additional Sources of Organic Matter
PROCESSES IN THE OCEANS
Photochemical Processes
Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry
Anoxic Basins
Index