End of Millennium

MANUEL CASTELLS is Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Planning at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also University Professor and the Wallis Annenberg Chair in Communication Technology and Society at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, and Research Professor at the Open University of Catalonia in Barcelona. He is Distinguished Visiting Professor of Technology and Society at M.I.T., and Distinguished Visiting Professor of Internet Studies at Oxford University. He is the recipient of numerous academic awards, including the Guggenheim Fellowship, C. Wright Mills Award, the Robert and Helen Lynd Award from the American Sociological Association, and the Ithiel de Sola Pool Award from the American Political Science Association. He is a Fellow of the European Academy, a Fellow of the Spanish Royal Academy of Economics, and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. He has received 16 honorary doctorates from universities around the world, and has been knighted by five countries. He has authored 23 books, among which is the trilogy The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, first published by Blackwell in 1996–8, and translated into 22 languages.

List of Tables xi

List of Figures xii

List of Charts xiii

Preface to the 2010 Edition of End of Millennium xiv

Acknowledgments 1997 xxvii

A Time of Change 1

1 The Crisis of Industrial Statism and the Collapse of the Soviet Union 5

The Extensive Model of Economic Growth and the Limits of Hyperindustrialism 10

The Technology Question 26

The Abduction of Identity and the Crisis of Soviet Federalism 37

The Last Perestroika 46

Nationalism, Democracy, and the Disintegration of the Soviet State 56

The Scars of History, the Lessons for Theory, the Legacy for Society 62

2 The Rise of the Fourth World: Informational Capitalism, Poverty, and Social Exclusion 69

Toward a Polarized World? A Global Overview 74

The De-humanization of Africa 85

Marginalization and selective integration of Sub-Saharan Africa in the informational-global economy 85

Africa’s technological apartheid at the dawn of the Information Age 93

The predatory state 97

Zaïre: the personal appropriation of the state 100

Nigeria: oil, ethnicity, and military predation 103

Ethnic identity, economic globalization, and state formation in Africa 106

Africa’s plight 116

Africa’s hope? The South African connection 123

Out of Africa or back to Africa? The politics and economics of self-reliance 128

The New American Dilemma: Inequality, Urban Poverty, and Social Exclusion in the Information Age 130

Dual America 131

The inner-city ghetto as a system of social exclusion 142

When the underclass goes to hell 150

Globalization, Over-exploitation, and Social Exclusion: the View from the Children 154

The sexual exploitation of children 159

The killing of children: war massacres and child soldiers 162

Why children are wasted 164

Conclusion: the Black Holes of Informational Capitalism 166

3 The Perverse Connection: the Global Criminal Economy 171

Organizational Globalization of Crime, Cultural Identification of Criminals 173

The Pillage of Russia 185

The structural perspective 189

Identifying the actors 190

Mechanisms of Accumulation 193

Narcotrafico, Development, and Dependency in Latin America 198

What are the economic consequences of the drugs industry for Latin America? 202

Why Colombia? 204

The Impact of Global Crime on Economy, Politics, and Culture 209

4 Development and Crisis in the Asian Pacific: Globalization and the State 215

The Changing Fortunes of the Asian Pacific 215

Heisei’s Japan: Developmental State versus Information Society 223

A social model of the Japanese developmental process 225

Declining sun: the crisis of the Japanese model of development 236

The end of ‘‘Nagatacho politics’’ 248

Hatten Hokka and Johoka Shakai: a contradictory relationship 251

Japan and the Pacific 258

Beheading the Dragon? Four Asian Tigers with a Dragon Head, and their Civil Societies 259

Understanding Asian development 261

Singapore: state nation-building via multinational corporations 262

South Korea: the state production of oligopolistic capitalism 266

Taiwan: flexible capitalism under the guidance of an inflexible state 270

Hong Kong model versus Hong Kong reality: small business in a world economy, and the colonial version of the welfare state 274

The breeding of the tigers: commonalities and dissimilarities in their process of economic development 279

The developmental state in East Asian industrialization: on the concept of the developmental state 286

The rise of the developmental state: from the politics of survival to the process of nation-building 288

The state and civil society in the restructuring of East Asia: how the developmental state succeeded in the development process 293

Divergent paths: Asian ‘‘tigers’’ in the economic crisis 297

Democracy, identity, and development in East Asia in the 1990s 303

Chinese Developmental Nationalism with Socialist Characteristics 311

The new Chinese revolution 312

Guanxi capitalism? China in the global economy 317

China’s regional developmental states and the bureaucratic (capitalist) entrepreneurs 321

Weathering the storm? China in the Asian economic crisis 325

Democracy, development, and nationalism in the new China 328

Conclusion: Globalization and the State 337

5 The Unification of Europe: Globalization, Identity, and the Network State 342

European Unification as a Sequence of Defensive Reactions: a Half-century Perspective 344

Globalization and European Integration 352

Cultural Identity and European Unification 361

The Institutionalization of Europe: the Network State 365

European Identity or European Project? 368

Conclusion: Making Sense of our World 371

Genesis of a New World 372

A New Society 376

The New Avenues of Social Change 387

Beyond this Millennium 389

What is to be Done? 394

Finale 395

Summary of Contents of Volumes I and II 397

References 399

Index 433