Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution – A Look at the Past

Carina Hoorn is a paleoecologist who studied geology and holds a PhD from the University of Amsterdam (The Netherlands) and an MSc in Science Communication (Imperial College, London). Currently she is liaised to the University of Amsterdam and her main research interests are Amazonia, the Himalayas, Tibet, and the coastal lagoons of Oman. Frank Wesselingh is a molluscan palaeontologist who studied geology at the Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and holds a PhD from the University of Turku (Finland). Frank works at Naturalis, the Natural History Museum in Leiden (The Netherlands), and his research interests are fossil molluscan faunas of long-lived lakes, the North Sea Basin and the Indo-West Pacific.

Dedication to Thomas van der Hammen vii List of contributors ix Prologue xii Thomas van der Hammen 1 Introduction: Amazonia, landscape and species evolution 1 Carina Hoorn and Frank P. Wesselingh Part I Tectonic processes as driving mechanisms for palaeogeographical and palaeoenvironmental evolution in Amazonia. 2 Geological evolution of the Amazonian Craton 9 Salomon B. Kroonenberg and Emond W.F. de Roever 3 The Paleozoic Solimoes and Amazonas basins and the Acre foreland basin of Brazil 29 Joaquim Ribeiro Wanderley-Filho, Jaime Fernandes Eiras, Paulo Roberto da Cruz Cunha and Paulus H. van der Ven 4 Tectonic history of the Andes and sub-Andean zones: implications for the development of the Amazon drainage basin 38 Andres Mora, Patrice Baby, Martin Roddaz, Mauricio Parra, Stephane Brusset, Wilber Hermoza and Nicolas Espurt 5 Cenozoic sedimentary evolution of the Amazonian foreland basin system 61 Martin Roddaz, Wilber Hermoza, Andres Mora, Patrice Baby, Mauricio Parra, Frederic Christophoul, Stephane Brusset and Nicolas Espurt 6 The Nazca Ridge and uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch: implications for regional geology in northern South America 89 Nicolas Espurt, Patrice Baby, Stephane Brusset, Martin Roddaz, Wilber Hermoza and Jocelyn Barbarand Part II Cenozoic depositional systems in Amazonia. 7 The Amazonian Craton and its infl uence on past fl uvial systems (Mesozoic-Cenozoic, Amazonia) 103 Carina Hoorn, Martin Roddaz, Rodolfo Dino, Emilio Soares, Cornelius Uba, Diana Ochoa-Lozano and Russell Mapes 8 The development of the Amazonian mega-wetland (Miocene; Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia) 123 Carina Hoorn, Frank P. Wesselingh, Jussi Hovikoski and Javier Guerrero 9 Marine infl uence in Amazonia: evidence from the geological record 143 Jussi Hovikoski, Frank P. Wesselingh, Matti Rasanen, Murray Gingras and Hubert B. Vonhof 10 Megafan environments in northern South America and their impact on Amazon Neogene aquatic ecosystems 162 M. Justin Wilkinson, Larry G. Marshall, John G. Lundberg and Mikhail H. Kreslavsky 11 Long-term landscape development processes in Amazonia 185 Georg Irion and Risto Kalliola Part III Amazonian climate, past and present. 12 Climate variation in Amazonia during the Neogene and the Quaternary 201 Hubert B. Vonhof and Ron J.G. Kaandorp 13 Modelling the response of Amazonian climate to the uplift of the Andean mountain range 211 Pierre Sepulchre, Lisa C. Sloan and Frederic Fluteau 14 Modern Andean rainfall variation during ENSO cycles and its impact on the Amazon drainage basin 223 Bodo Bookhagen and Manfred R. Strecker Part IV Cenozoic development of terrestrial and aquatic biota: insights from the fossil record. 15 A review of Tertiary mammal faunas and birds from western Amazonia 245 Francisco Ricardo Negri, Jean Bocquentin-Villanueva, Jorge Ferigolo and Pierre-Olivier Antoine 16 Neogene crocodile and turtle fauna in northern South America 259 Douglas Riff, Pedro Seyferth R. Romano, Gustavo Ribeiro Oliveira and Orangel A. Aguilera 17 The Amazonian Neogene fi sh fauna 281 John G. Lundberg, Mark H. Sabaj Perez, Wasila M. Dahdul and Orangel A. Aguilera 18 Amazonian aquatic invertebrate faunas (Mollusca, Ostracoda) and their development over the past 30 million years 302 Frank P. Wesselingh and Maria-Ines F. Ramos 19 The origin of the modern Amazon rainforest: implications of the palynological and palaeobotanical record 317 Carlos Jaramillo, Carina Hoorn, Silane A.F. Silva, Fatima Leite, Fabiany Herrera, Luis Quiroz, Rodolfo Dino and Luzia Antonioli 20 Biotic development of Quaternary Amazonia: a palynological perspective 335 Hermann Behling, Mark Bush and Henry Hooghiemstra Part V Modern perspectives on the origin of Amazonian biota. 21 Contribution of current and historical processes to patterns of tree diversity and composition of the Amazon 349 Hans ter Steege, ATDN (Amazon Tree Diversity Network: collective author) and RAINFOR (The Amazon Forest Inventory Network: collective author) 22 Composition and diversity of northwestern Amazonian rainforests in a geoecological context 360 Joost F. Duivenvoorden and Alvaro J. Duque 23 Diversifi cation of the Amazonian fl ora and its relation to key geological and environmental events: a molecular perspective 373 R. Toby Pennington and Christopher W. Dick 24 Molecular studies and phylogeography of Amazonian tetrapods and their relation to geological and climatic models 386 Alexandre Antonelli, Adrian Quijada-Mascarenas, Andrew J. Crawford, John M. Bates, Paul M. Velazco and Wolfgang Wuster 25 Molecular signatures of Neogene biogeographical events in the Amazon fi sh fauna 405 Nathan R. Lovejoy, Stuart C. Willis and James S. Albert Part VI Synthesis. 26 On the origin of Amazonian landscapes and biodiversity: a synthesis 421 Frank P. Wesselingh, Carina Hoorn, Salomon B. Kroonenberg, Alexandre Antonelli, John G. Lundberg, Hubert B. Vonhof and Henry Hooghiemstra Index 433 Color plate section is found facing p. 210 Companion website for this book: www.wiley.com/go/hoorn/amazonia