Contemporary Research in Behavioral Pharmacology

1 * Schedule-Controlled Behavior and the Effects of Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 2.1. Processes of Reinforcement and Punishment.- 2.2. Schedules and Other Determinants of Reinforcement and Punishment.- 2.3. Control of Behavior by Noxious Stimuli.- 2.4. Nature and Significance of Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 3. Effects of Drugs on Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 3.1. Response Rate as a Determinant of the Behavioral Effects of Drugs.- 3.2. Effects of Drugs on Behaviors Maintained by Different Events.- 3.3. Effects of Drugs on Punished Responding.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 2 * The Effects of Drugs on Behavior Controlled by Aversive Stimul.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Methodological Issues Surrounding the Use of Electric Shock.- 1.2. Problems Associated with Operant Schedules That Utilize Electric Shock.- 2. Drug-Behavior Interactions in Conflict-Punishment Procedures.- 2.1. Geller Conflict Schedule.- 2.2. Effects of Drugs on Other Punishment Schedules and Species.- 2.3. Review of Drug Effects upon a Standard Conflict-Punishment Paradigm.- 2.4. Analysis of the Mechanisms by Which Drugs May Affect Punished Responding.- 2.5. Effects of Drugs That Alter Synaptic Activity upon Punished Behavior.- 2.6. Summary.- 3. Continuous Avoidance Procedures.- 3.1. Methodological Problems Associated with Continuous Avoidance Procedures.- 3.2. Analysis of Continuous Avoidance Behavior in Terms of Motivational Processes.- 3.3. Review of the Drug Literature.- 3.4. Classification of Drugs by Bovet-Gatti Profiles.- 3.5. Effects of Drugs That Alter Synaptic Activity on Continuous Avoidance Behavior.- 3.6. Conclusions Concerning the Effects of Drugs upon Continuous Avoidance Behavior.- 4. The Conditioned Emotional Response.- 4.1. Methodological Problems Associated with the CER Technique.- 4.2. Review of Drug Effects upon the CER.- 4.3. Conclusions Concerning the Effects of Drugs upon the CER.- 4.4. Continuous Avoidance and the CER.- 5. General Summary and Conclusions.- 6. References.- 3 * Stimulus Control and Drug Effects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Multiple Schedules and Related Procedures.- 2.1. SD-S? Multiple Schedules.- 2.2. SD-SDMultiple Schedules.- 2.3. SD-SD Two-Key Procedures.- 3. Chained Schedules and Related Procedures.- 3.1. Chained Schedules.- 3.2. Signaled Fixed Consecutive Number.- 3.3. Matching to Sample.- 3.4. Repeated Acquisition of Behavioral Chains.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 4 * Drug-Induced Stimulus Control.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope.- 1.2. Terminology.- 2. Methods for the Demonstration of Drug-Induced Stimulus Control.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Response Choice.- 2.3. Response Emission.- 2.4. Comment.- 3. Interpretations of Drug-Induced Stimulus Control.- 3.1. Dimensions.- 3.2. Analysis of Data.- 3.3. Origin and Nature of Drug-Induced Stimuli.- 4. Epilogue.- 5. References.- 5 * The Effects of Drugs on Adjunctive Behavior.- 1. Operant and Adjunctive Behavior.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Examples of Adjunctive Behavior.- 1.3. Interpretations of Schedule-Induced Behavior.- 1.4. Importance of Adjunctive Behavior in Behavioral Pharmacology.- 2. Drugs and Adjunctive Behavior.- 2.1. Effects of Amphetamines.- 2.2. Effects of Anxiolytics.- 2.3. Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs and the Central Control of Adjunctive Behavior.- 2.4. Effects of Other Drugs.- 3. Conclusions.- 4. References.- 6 * Schedule-Induced Self-Administration of Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Schedule-Induced Ethanol Consumption.- 2.1. Lester's Original Observations.- 2.2. Differences between Schedule-Induced Ethanol Polydipsia and Schedule-Induced Water Polydipsia.- 2.3. Schedule Induction as a Means of Generating Excessive Ethanol Consumption.- 3. Determinants of Schedule-Induced Ethanol Polydipsia.- 3.1. Ethanol's Calorific Value.- 3.2. Ethanol's Pharmacological Effect.- 3.3. Taste.- 3.4. Polydipsia under Conditions of Choice.- 3.5. Loss of Control by the Inducing Schedule.- 4. Schedule-Induced Consumption of Drugs Other Than Ethanol.- 5. An Animal Model of Human Alcoholism.- 5.1. Forced Consumption of Ethanol.- 5.2. Intravenous and Intragastric Self-Administration.- 5.3. Schedule-Induced Ethanol Consumption.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 7 * Drugs as Reinforcers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Establishment of Drugs as Reinforcers.- 2.1. Fixed-Ratio Schedules.- 2.2. Fixed-Interval Schedules.- 2.3. Complex Schedules.- 3. Type of Drug.- 4. Magnitude of Reinforcement.- 5. Satiation and Deprivation.- 6. Conditioned Drug Effects.- 7. Drugs as Negative Reinforcers.- 8. Punishment.- 9. An Application of Drug Self-Administration Techniques: The Preclinical Assessment of the Abuse Liability of New Compounds.- 10. Human Self-Administration Studies.- 11. Summary.- 12. References.- 8 * Behavioral Tolerance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Behavioral Tolerance in Perspective.- 2.1. Behavioral Tolerance.- 2.2. Metabolic Tolerance.- 2.3. Learned Tolerance.- 2.4. Acute Tolerance.- 2.5. Cross Tolerance.- 2.6. Sensitization (Reverse Tolerance).- 3. Pharmacological and Organismic Factors.- 3.1. Dose Level.- 3.2. Dose Frequency.- 3.3. Response Topography.- 4. Environmental Factors: The Reinforcement Density Hypothesis.- 4.1. Data Consistent with the Hypothesis.- 4.2. Direct Support from Differential Tolerance.- 4.3. Exceptions.- 4.4. Assessment of the Density Hypothesis.- 5. Tolerance to Stimulus Properties of Drugs.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 9 * Behavioral Toxicology.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. What Is Toxicology?.- 1.2. Origins of Behavioral Toxicology.- 2. Distinguishing Features of Behavioral Toxicology.- 2.1. Qualitative Evaluation of Effects.- 2.2. Role of Threshold Estimates.- 2.3. Chronicity Factor.- 2.4. Complications Associated with Chronic Studies.- 2.5. Multidisciplinary Features.- 3. Behavioral Toxicology in the Soviet Union.- 4. Substances of Current Interest.- 4.1. Mercury.- 4.2. Lead.- 4.3. Carbon Monoxide.- 4.4. Pesticides.- 4.5. Volatile Anesthetics and Solvents.- 5. Factors That Modulate the Behavioral Effects of Toxins.- 5.1. Diurnal Rhythms.- 5.2. Degree of Schedule Control.- 5.3. Discriminative Stimuli.- 5.4. Stimulus Complexity.- 6. Future Developments.- 6.1. Food Additives.- 6.2. Behavioral Teratology.- 6.3. Evaluations in the Natural Environment.- 6.4. Premarket Screening.- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- Author Index.