100 Complications of Otorhinolaryngology & Skull Base Surgery

Part I: Rhinology

1. Acute Intraorbital Bleeding during Endoscopic Resection of a Recurrent Inverted Papilloma of the Left Ethmoid—"the Protruding Eye"

2. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak during Standard Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

3. Internal Carotid Injury during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, a Potentially Devastating Complication

4. Transnasal Endoscopic Management of Epistaxis from Migrated Coils of Internal Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysm

5. Ophthalmic Reaction on the Third Day after Endonasal Removal of Giant Frontoethmoidal Osteoma

6. Carotid Cavernous Sinus Fistula Presenting as Orbital Bleed with Vision Impairment during Endoscopic Endonasal Approach

7. Endoscopic Management of Anterior Ethmoid Artery Injury with Intraorbital Hematoma

8. Tension Pneumocephalus after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

9. Delayed Complications with Silicone Implants in Rhinoplasty

10. Internal Maxillary Artery Unleashed Bleed during Endoscopic Excision of Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma

11. Postoperative Sepsis with Pneumocephalus Following Endoscopic Esthesioneuroblastoma Surgery

12. Cardiac Arrest during Transnasal Endoscopic Surgery of Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma

13. Intraorbital Spillage of Normal Saline during Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

14. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak due to Undiagnosed Encephalocele within Concha Bullosa

15. Pseudoaneurysm due to Internal Carotid Artery Injury during Sphenoethmoidectomy, Optic and Orbital Decompression in a Case of Invasive Fungal Sinusitis

16. Traction on the Orbital Fat Resulting in Avulsion of an Orbital Vessel during Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

17. Managing Warping of Costal Cartilage Graft in Rhinoplasty

18. Management of an Internal Carotid Artery Bleed during Traumatic Orbito-Cranial Organic Foreign Body Lodged in the Cavernous Carotid Artery

19. Perioperative Arrythmia due to Intranasal Adrenaline Nasal Packing during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

20. Transnasal Transorbital Approach for Ectopic Esthesioneuroblastomas: Do Not Forget the Sodium Levels!

21. Screws and Plates Coming while Removing Bilateral Rhinoliths

22. Iatrogenic Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea during Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: How to Manage Intraoperatively?

Part II: Anterior Skull Base

23. Managing Intracranial Arterial Injury during Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

24. Necrotic Nasal Flap Following Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

25. Internal Carotid Artery Injury during Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

26. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage and Free Flap Failure: Do Not Wait and See

27. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Post Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Craniopharyngioma

28. The Just Missed Carotid Blowout during Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Transclival Approach

29. Pneumocephalus, Central Diabetes Insipidus, and Cerebral Salt Wasting Disease: Complications Following a Transplanum Approach for Craniopharyngioma

30. Lateral Rectus Palsy, Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak, Hydrocephalus, and Meningitis Post Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery

31. Carotid Aneurysm Present as Epistaxis in Patient with History of Skull Base

32. Nasoseptal Flap Necrosis and Associated Meningitis Following Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Craniopharyngioma

33. Chronic Low-Flow Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Forming an Encephalocele after Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Anterior Skull Base Meningioma

34. Frontal Lobe Abscess Following FESS in a Rhinoorbitocerebral Mucormycosis during COVID-19 Pandemic

35. Frontal Lobe Abscess Following Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Repair

36. Frontal Sinus Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula: Postoperative Complication of Meningoencephalocele in an Adolescent with Crouzon Syndrome

37. Blindness after Endoscopic Endonasal Pituitary Adenoma Surgery

38. Plastic Reconstruction of a Traumatic Frontobasal Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula in Combination with Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction and Cranial Decompression

39. Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea in a Recurrent Postradiotherapy Invasive Pituitary Tumor Presenting with Pneumocephalus

Part III: Laryngology/Head & Neck Surgery

40. Airway Hemorrhage in a Pediatric Patient with a Tracheostomy and Multiple Congenital Malformations

41. Management of Pharyngocutaneous Fistula after Total Laryngectomy Using Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap and Cervical Skin Deltopectoral Flap (Bakamjian's Flap)

42. Single-Stage Tracheal and Esophageal Reconstruction after Failure of Tracheal End-to-End Anastomosis for Poorly Differentiated Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Invading the Trachea and Esophagus

43. Relapsing Oro-Antral Fistula in Odontogenic Sinusitis: Last Time a Fat Flap Saved My Case

44. Management of a Large Pharyngocutaneous Fistula Following Total Laryngectomy Using Supraclavicular Artery Island Flap

45. Tracheal Perforation Post Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via Axillary Breast Approach

46. Awake Balloon Dilation of Challenging Tracheal Restenosis

47. Facial Disfigurement after Parotidectomy

48. Traumatic Parotocoel after Cheek Liposuction, Treated by Sialendoscopy

49. Massive Bleeding during Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

50. Marginal Mandibular Nerve Injury in Superficial Parotidectomy

51. Pneumoderma Following Type 2 Thyroplasty

52. Lingual Artery Injury during Coblation-Assisted Submucosal Base of Tongue Reduction Surgery

53. Trigeminocardiac Reflex due to Mechanical Stretch Stimulation of the Trigeminal Nerve during Treatment of a Masticator Space Infection

54. Recurrent Parapharyngeal Mass Excision with Internal Carotid Artery Ligation in a Combined Transparotid Transcervical Transmandibular Approach

55. Osteoradionecrosis and Orocutaneous Fistula after Oropharyngeal Cancer Resection

56. Managing Accidental Stent Expulsion after Double-Stage Laryngotracheal Reconstruction for a 2-Year-Old Child

57. Lymphedema of the Neck with Airway Obstruction Following Neck Dissection

58. Maggots (Myiasis) Post Tracheostomy

59. Chyle Leak after Neck Dissection

60. Deep Neck Abscess Complicated with Sepsis and Unsuccessful Tracheostomy

61. Difficult Tracheostomy in a Case of Tracheal Stenosis due to Airway Burns

62. Management of Partial Necrosis of Free Fibula Flap with Regional Pedicled Flap for Post Subtotal Mandibulectomy—a Lifeboat

63. Cicatricial Ectropion after Skin Cancer Removal

64. Management of Post-Tonsillectomy Hemorrhage in an Adult

65. Massive Bleeding Post Thyroidectomy, the Importance of Observation

66. Retained Stone after Superficial Parotidectomy: Is Sialendoscopy too Late?

67. Fistula due to Remnant Second (II) Branchial Cyst after Incision and Drainage for Deep Neck Abscess

68. Bilateral Neuropraxic Vocal Cord Palsy after Total Thyroidectomy

69. Removal of Fractured Tracheostomy Metallic Tube as Foreign Body in Bronchus for a Post-Laryngectomy Patient

70. Oropharyngeal Stenosis after Surgery for Obstructive Sleep

71. Stridor after Partial Epiglottectomy with Epiglottopexy for Laryngomalacia

72. Malignant Subcutaneous Emphysema Following Tracheostomy

73. Masquerading Scenario in Self-Inflicted Neck Injury

Part IV: Otology

74. Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea, Post Stapedectomy

75. Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Removal of Incus Transposition Luxation of the Stapedial Footplate

76. Cochlear Implant with Misplaced Electrode Array into the Carotid Canal

77. Intralabyrinthine Invasion of Cholesteatoma, with Wide Lateral Canal Fistula

78. Small Meningoencephalic Herniation Turns Out to be a Congenital Cholesteatoma over Geniculate Ganglion

79. Bleeding from High Jugular Bulb in Endoscopic Ear Surgery; How to Control the "Tsunami"!

80. Intraoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Gusher during Cochlear Implantation in a Child with Klippel Feil Syndrome: A Surgical Challenge

81. Post-Traumatic Persistent Surgical Site Infection Post-Cochlear Implantation

82. Iatrogenic Facial Palsy Post Revision Surgery for Excision of Branchial Sinus

83. A Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula in a Misdiagnosed Cystic Cochlea after Grommet Insertion

84. Persistent Vestibular Symptoms Following Stapedotomy

85. Flap Necrosis and Hematoma after Cochlear Implant Surgery

86. Missed First Branchial Cleft Anomaly in a Child

87. Nerve Grafting for Iatrogenic Facial Nerve Injury Post Mastoidectomy

88. Bleeding from Persistent Stapedial Artery during Stapedotomy

89. Managing Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea and Meningocele in Revision Mastoid Surgery

Part V: Lateral Skull Base

90. Reconstruction of Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery in Cerebellopontine Angle Meningioma Surgery during Retrosigmoid Transmeatal Approach—Back to Normal

91. A Bilateral Carotid Blowout as Complication in a Recurrent Skull Base Tumor

92. Osteomyelitis of Skull after Treatment of a Skull Base Tumor

93. Four Paragangliomas, Two Stents, and One Patient

94. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak after Translabyrinthine Surgery

95. Iatrogenic Facial Nerve Interruption in Translabyrinthine Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery

96. Ophthalmic Vein Thrombosis after Trigeminal Schwannoma Resection

97. In Vivo Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion for Skull Base CSF Fistula with Pseudomeningocele after Skull Base Tumor Surgery

98. Iatrogenic Facial Nerve Injury Repaired Using Sural Nerve Grafting during Fisch Infratemporal Fossa Approach: Type A

99. Facial Reanimation Surgery for Facial Nerve Paralysis after Acoustic Neuroma Resection

100. Paradoxical Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea after Retrosigmoid Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery