Audiology Review

Jeremy J. Donai, AuD, PhD, is an Associate Professor and Audiology Program Director at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC). Dr. Donai also serves as the Director of the Auditory Perception Lab at TTUHSC. Over his career, Dr. Donai has had significant clinical, teaching, and research experience at multiple universities. His research involves the study of high-frequency speech energy. Dr. Donai has taught courses in amplification, psychoacoustics, research, audiology business practices, anatomy and physiology, and counseling. He is the co-author of Hearing Science Fundamentals, Second Edition, published by Plural Publishing. **** Katharine Fitzharris, AuD, MS, PhD, CCC-A received her BS degree in Speech and Hearing Science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and AuD from the University of Louisville. She earned her MS in Applied Cognition and Neuroscience and PhD in Communication Sciences and Disorders from the University of Texas at Dallas. Dr. Fitzharris is an Associate Clinical Professor at Wichita State University. Her responsibilities include clinical precepting, teaching, and conducting research. Her specific areas of clinical and research interest are simulation in healthcare training, auditory processing, cognitive auditory neuroscience, diagnostics, and electrophysiology.

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Reviewers

Section I. Test Taking Strategies and What to Expect

Chapter 1. Test-Taking Strategies
Kay T. Payne

Introduction
Understanding the Question
Selecting the Answer
Taking the Praxis
Practice Questions
Answers
Acknowledgment

Section II. Foundational Knowledge

Chapter 2. Anatomy, Physiology, and Relevant Pathologies
Jackie L. Clark and Katharine Fitzharris

Auditory System
Anatomical Terms of Orientation
Typical Anatomy of the Auditory Mechanism
Central Auditory Nervous System: Auditory Nerve to Cortex
Vestibular System
Peripheral Vestibular System
Disorders of the Vestibular System
Genetics
Major Embryological Developments
Postnatal Development
Lifetime Changes of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions
Appendix Key
Appendix 2–A. Outer Ear Disorders
Appendix 2–B. Middle Ear Disorders
Appendix 2–C. Inner Ear Disorders
Appendix 2–D. Retrocochlear Disorders (Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Nervous System)
Appendix 2–E. Vestibular Pathologies
Appendix 2–F. Genetic Disorders and Syndromes

Chapter 3. Acoustics, Psychoacoustics, and Instrumentation
Jenna Cramer, Katharine Fitzharris, and Jeremy J. Donai

Principles of Sound
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
Signal Detection Theory (SDT)
d-prime (d ’) and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curves
Psychophysical Methods
Validity and Reliability
Sensitivity and Specificity
Psychoacoustics
Auditory Recruitment and Outer Hair Cell (OHC) Function
Perception of Pitch and Timbre
Theories of Pitch Perception
Cochlear Dead Regions and Perceptual Considerations
Instrumentation in Audiology
Immittance Equipment
Hearing Aid Verification Equipment
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions

Chapter 4. Communication Across the Lifespan: Typical vs. Disordered
Angela Van Sickle and Brittany Hall

Typical Language Development
Morphological Development
Language and Speech Disorders in Children
Language and Speech Disorders Throughout the Lifespan
Auditory Hierarchy
Ling 6 Sounds
Effects of Hearing Loss in Children
Formal Ways to Assess Communication in Children With Hearing Loss
Effects of Hearing Loss in Adults
Communication Assessment for an Adult With Hearing Loss
Conclusions
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions
Appendix 4–A. Overview of Language Development Across a Lifespan

Section III. Assessment and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 5. Adult Assessment and Differential Diagnosis
Karah Gottschalk and Trey Cline

Introduction
Audiology Case History
Otoscopy
Adult Behavioral Techniques
Physiological Techniques
Testing for Specific Pathologies
Special Populations
Differential Diagnoses
Conclusions
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions
Appendix 5—A. Objective Assessment, Clinical Utility, and Anatomical Sites of Testing
Appendix 5—B. Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 6. Pediatric Assessment and Differential Diagnosis
Tori J. S. Gustafson and Candace Bourland Hicks

Case History Considerations
Functional Questionnaires
Testing Considerations
Physiological Evaluation
Etiology of Pediatric Hearing Loss
(Central) Auditory Processing Disorder ((C)APD)
Educational Audiology
Theory of Mind
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions
Appendix 6–A. Abnormal Auditory Electrophysiological Findings

Chapter 7. Vestibular Assessment and Differential Diagnosis
Jamie M. Bogle

Introduction
Vestibular System Anatomy and Physiology
Vestibular Reflexes
Vestibular Nystagmus
Vestibular Case History and Questionnaires
Bedside Evaluations
Electronystagmography/Videonystagmography (ENG/VNG)
Rotational Chair Assessment
Video Head Impulse Test (vHIT)
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMPs)
Electrocochleography (ECochG)
Functional Assessment
Vestibular System Pathologies
Vestibular Rehabilitation
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions

Section IV. Prevention, Identification, and Treatment

Chapter 8. Screening and Hearing Conservation
Leigh Ann Reel

Introduction
Screening Measures for Auditory and Balance Disorders
Hearing Conservation
Overview of NIHL
Industrial Audiology
Noise Measurement and Exposure Analysis
Noise Control
Audiometric Monitoring
Hearing Conservation Education and Training
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions
Appendix 8–A. Comparison of the OSHA Noise Standard and the NIOSH Noise Recommendations

Chapter 9. Treatment: Topics in Amplification
Emily Jo Venskytis and Melanie Lutz

Introduction to Hearing Aids
Special Populations
Introduction to Cochlear Implants
Bone-Conduction Devices
Auditory Brainstem Implants
Middle Ear Implants
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions
Appendix 9–A. Hearing Aid Styles/Types
Appendix 9–B. Cochlear Implant Programming Parameters

Chapter 10. Treatment: Topics in Aural Rehabilitation
Laura N. Galloway

Introduction
Defining AR
AR Components
Pediatric AR
Cultural Responsiveness, Competence, and Humility
Interprofessional Approach to AR
Summary
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions

Chapter 11. Counseling and Audiological Documentation
Alex Meibos

Importance of Audiological Counseling and Documentation
Audiological Counseling
Basic Theories of Counseling
Audiological Counseling Approaches
Addressing the Functional and Social Impacts of Auditory and Vestibular Disorders
Cultural and Linguistic Diversity (CLD)
Audiological Documentation
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions

Section V. Research and Professional Topics

Chapter 12. Research Applications and Evidence-Based Practice
Katharine Fitzharris, Jenna Cramer, and Jeremy J. Donai

Research Principles
Variable Levels
Variable Types
Study Design
Hypothesis Testing
Statistical Analyses
Types of Statistics
Probability Testing
Measures of Effect Size
Statistical Significance Versus Clinical Significance (Effect Sizes)
Sensitivity and Specificity
Ceiling and Floor Effects
Norm- Versus Criterion-Referenced Tests
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
EBP
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Ethics in Research
Protections
Research Integrity
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions

Chapter 13. Audiology Professional Topics
Renee Zimmerman and Jeremy J. Donai

Professionalism
Moral, Legal, and Ethical Issues
Licensure Versus Certification
Code of Ethics Review
Patient Abandonment
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
Advocacy
ADA and Accessibility Legislation
Interprofessional Education (IPE) and Interprofessional Practice (IPP)
Supervision Principles
Practice Management
Bundled Versus Unbundled Models of Service Delivery
Risk Management in Audiology
Infection Control
Recommended Readings
References
Practice Questions

Index