Wavefront Customized Visual Correction

Ronald R. Krueger, MD, MSE, is the first of two children born to Arthur and Lucie Krueger, German immigrants and Godly, Christian parents. He was born in Elizabeth, NJ in 1960, and at a young age committed his life to a relationship with Jesus Christ. Professionally, Dr. Krueger received his MD degree from the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (1987). Prior to that, he received a BS in Electrical Engineering from Rutgers University and an MSE in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Washington, Seattle. He completed his ophthalmology residency at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY. He also completed two fellowships in cornea and refractive surgery from the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Okla and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. In 1993, he joined the department of ophthalmology at the University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo where he was an associate professor of ophthalmology. He then joined the Cleveland Clinic Foundation in 1998 and serves as the medical director of the department of refractive surgery, overseeing a large department of six surgeons and support staff as well as maintaining his own full schedule of patients. He is on the program planning committee of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the International Society of Refractive Surgery and is an associate editor for the Journal of Refractive Surgery. He is cofounder and organizer of the International Congress on Wavefront Sensing and Aberration-Free Refractive Correction. He has 20 years of experience in excimer laser research, and currently is investigating the causes of presbyopia and restoration of accommodation, as well as wavefront imaging of the eye for customized laser vision correction. He is an international lecturer and is widely published. Raymond A. Applegate, OD, PhD, is the second of four children born to K. Edwin Applegate and Elizabeth Dilts Applegate. He was born in Bloomington, Ind in 1949 and attended Indiana University from Kindergarten through his Bachelor of Arts (1971), Doctor of Optometry (1975), and his Master of Science in Physiological Optics (1976). He practiced optometry in Galesburg, Ill before continuing his graduate education in Physiological Optics at the University of California, Berkeley where he received his PhD (1983). Dr. Applegate joined the University of Texas Health Science Center faculty in 1988 from the School of Optometry, University of Missouri—St. Louis where he served as an assistant professor of optometry. He rose through the faculty ranks quickly to become a tenured professor of ophthalmology in 1993. In January 2002, Dr. Applegate joined the College of Optometry at the University of Houston as Professor and Borish Chair in Optometry to direct the Visual Optics Institute. Dr. Applegate has served on the editorial board of Optometry and Visual Science and currently serves on the editorial boards for the Journal of Refractive Surgery and the Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. He has been a feature editor on several occasions for the Journal of the Optical Society of America-A, Applied Optics, Optometry and Vision Science, and the Journal of Refractive Surgery. He is a cofounder of the International Congress on Wavefront Sensing and Aberration-Free Refraction Correction, is widely published in leading journals, and is a sought-after consultant and international lecturer whose National Institutes of Health-supported research interests center on the optics of the normal and clinical eye and early ocular disease detection and prevention. Scott M. MacRae, MD, did his undergraduate, medical school, and residency program at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He did three corneal fellowships including a cornea and external disease fellowship and a NEI-sponsored corneal physiology research training fellowship both at the Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. He then did a brief contact lens and light toxicity fellowship at Emory University in Atlanta (1983). In 1983, Dr. MacRae joined the faculty of Oregon Health Sciences University, Casey Eye Institute, in 1983 through 2000. He served as a panel member and consultant to the FDA Ophthalmic Devices Panel from 1986 to 2000, chaired the American Academy of Ophthalmology Public Health Committee from 1991 to 1994, and ran the American Academy of Ophthalmology Clinical Alert Program. He was an advisor to the White House in 1993 on two separate panels on health care delivery and served as a congressional advisor as well. He has received an Honor Award in 1991 and the Senior Honor Award in 2000 from the American Academy of Ophthalmology. He has won numerous awards, including the Illinois Society to Prevent Blindness Young Researcher Award, The Kambara Award, The Amini Award (2003), and The Oregonian Citizen Winners Award. In 2003, he received the Lans Lectureship Award, which is an international award given to an outstanding young clinician researcher in the field of refractive surgery by the International Society of Refractive Surgery and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Author of over 100 published articles and book chapters, Dr. MacRae has turned his attention increasingly to refractive surgery and the development of new technology. He has spoken at over 300 meetings both in the United States and internationally. He has a special interest in customized ablation, the biomechanics of laser in-situ keratomileusis, laser subepithelial keratomileusis, astigmatism design, and interface keratitis. He has trained hundreds of clinicians, residents, and fellows and has participated and helped lead several Food and Drug Administration clinical trials in the United States, including the Nidek Oregon Kansas Study and the University of Rochester Zyoptix Customized Ablation Study. He holds a patent on the excimer laser treatment of astigmatism and has two other patents pending in the field of laser refractive surgery. On the editorial board of three ophthalmic journals, he is currently senior associate editor for the Journal of Refractive Surgery, has coedited three special editions of the Journal of Refractive Surgery, and has chaired numerous international refractive symposiums. He is senior editor of a best-selling book in ophthalmology, Customized Corneal Ablation: The Quest for SuperVision, which is the first volume of this series. In 2000, Dr. MacRae accepted an appointment as Professor of Ophthalmology and Professor of Visual Science at the University of Rochester, NY, where with the Center for Vision Science at the university and private industry he promotes research and development of new refractive surgery techniques and technology.