Shock – modern clinical treatment concepts

1. Physiological basics of circulatory regulation 121.1. Introduction 121.2. Regulation of organ blood flow 121.2.1. General principles 121.2.2. Biochemical principles 131.2.3. Physiological basics 151.3. Importance of the autonomic nervous system in cardiovascular regulation 201.3.1. Neurotransmitters and hormones 211.3.1.1. Neurotransmitters 211.3.1.2. Hormones 221.3.2. Specific types of receptors 221.3.3. Sympathetic nervous system 231.3.4. Parasympathetic nervous system 231.4. Conclusion 242. General response of the body to a circulatory disorder 262.1. Cardiovascular system 262.2. Inflammation and organ dysfunction 262.3. The inter-organ crosstalk concept 272.4. Compensatory mechanisms of the organism 282.5. References 283. Pharmacological basics 303.1. Introduction 303.1.1. Preload and afterload 303.1.2. Mechanical and electrophysiological criteria of cardiac activity 313.2. Adrenaline 323.2.1. Basics 323.2.2. Medical use of adrenaline 333.3. Noradrenaline 333.3.1. Basics 333.3.2. Medical use of noradrenaline 333.4. Dobutamine 333.4.1. Basics 333.4.2. Medical use of dobutamine 343.5. Dopamine 343.5.1. Basics 343.5.2. Medical use of dopamine 343.6. Vasopressin 343.6.1. Basics 343.6.2. Medical use of vasopressin 353.7. Terlipressin 353.8. Selepressin 353.9. Angiotensin 363.10. Levosimendan 373.11. Milrinon 373.12. Methylene blue 373.13. Adrecizumab 384. Shock as medical emergency 404.1. Definition and pathophysiology of shock 404.1.1. Definition 404.1.2. Centralisation of blood circulation 404.1.2.1. Consequences for metabolism 414.1.2.2. Consequences for coagulation and hemostasis 414.2. Diagnostics in questionable shock 434.3. Types of shock 464.3.1. Hypovolemic shock 484.3.1.1. Pathophysiology 484.3.1.2. Diagnostics 494.3.1.3. Treatment options 494.3.2. Distributive shock 504.3.2.1. Pathophysiology 514.3.2.2. Diagnostics 524.3.2.3. Treatment options 534.3.3. Cardiogenic shock 544.3.3.1. Pathophysiology 554.3.3.2. Diagnostics 554.3.3.3. Treatment options 554.3.4. Obstructive shock 564.3.4.1. Pathophysiology 564.3.4.2. Diagnostics 564.3.4.3. Treatment options 564.3.5. Special type: vasoplegia 574.3.5.1. Pathophysiology 574.3.5.2. Diagnostics 584.3.5.3. Treatment options 584.4. References 585. Concept of decatecholaminisation 645.1. Basics and theoretical concept 645.2. Concepts for medical practice 655.2.1. Cadiac surgery 655.2.2. Patients with sepsis 675.3. Angiotensin II 685.4. Methylene blue 685.5. Conclusion 685.6. References 696. Summary and conclusion 727. Abbreviations 74Index 76