Neglected Tropical Diseases and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery

Chukwuebuka Egbuna is a Research Biochemist in the Department of Biochemistry at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University in Nigeria. He is a reviewer and editorial board member of several journals. Muhammad Akram, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Eastern Medicine at the Government College University in Faisalabad, Pakistan. He has published numerous scholarly articles and is an editor and reviewer for several national and international journals. Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University in Nigeria. He is Managing Editor of the Tropical Journal of Applied Natural Sciences.

List of Contributors xxi

Preface xxvii

Part I Introduction to Neglected Tropical Diseases 1

1 Epidemiology of Neglected Tropical Diseases 3
Kurubaran Ganasegeran and Surajudeen Abiola Abdulrahman

2 Neglected Tropical Diseases, Phytochemicals, Protein Targets,and Mechanisms in Drug Discovery 37
Lalit R. Samant, Tehseen M. Dhorajiwala, and Sumit T. Haldar

3 Novel Bioactive Lead Compounds for Drug Discovery Against NeglectedTropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis, Lymphatic Filariasis, Trypanosomiasis(African Sleeping Sickness and Chagas Disease),
and Schistosomiasis 75
Abeer M. El Sayed and Chukwuebuka Egbuna

Part II Protozoan Infections 135

4 Herbal, Nutritional, and Traditional Remedies for Giardiasis:Phytochemicals as Drug Candidates 137
Samrat Bhattacharyya

5 Antiprotozoal Activity of Phytochemicals Against Entamoeba histolytica, the Causative Agent of Amoebiasis 171
Goutam Kumar Jena, Chinam Niranjan Patra, and Jnyanaranjan Panda

6 Antileishmanial Potentials of Phytochemicals 183
Shahira M. Ezzat, Mohamed A. Salem, and Ahmed Zayed

Part III Helminth Infections 199

7 Prospects of Phytochemicals for the Treatment of Helminthiasis 201
Muhammad Akram, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Ejaz Mohiuddin, Tolulope Olawumi Oladosun, Phebean Ozolua, Frances N. Olisaka, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Olugbenga Samuel Micheal, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Leena Hameed, Chinaza Godswill Awuchi, Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, and Olugbemi Tope Olaniyan

8 Efficacy of Phytochemicals of Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Human Echinococcosis: Echinococcal Disease, Hydatidosis, or Hydatid Disease Drug Discovery 225
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Tolulope Olawumi Oladosun, Muhammad Akram, Olugbenga Samuel Micheal, Frances N. Olisaka, Phebean Ozolua, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Goddidit Esiro Enoyoze, and Olugbemi Tope Olaniyan

9 Filaricidal Activity of Phytochemicals Against Lymphatic Filariasis 245
Jayashree V. Hanchinalmath, Darcia D’mello, Kirankumar Shivasharanappa, T. Pramod, and Sharangouda J. Patil

10 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery 271
Muhammad Akram, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Mehwish Iqbal, Zarrin Basharat, Mithun Rudrapal, Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, Johra Khan, and Chukwuemelie Zedech Uche

11 Medicinal Potentials of Phytochemicals as a Source of Drugs for the Treatment of Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) 283
Chandrashekar Srinivasa, Chandan Shivamallu, S. R. Santhosh Kumar, P. Sushma, Shiva Prasad Kollur, Seema J. Patel, S. S. Patil, R. Suhas, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, and Bui Thanh Tung

12 Foodborne Trematodiases and Phytochemicals 299
Shashank M. Patil, Ramith Ramu, Prithvi S. Shirahatti, and K. Sumana

Part IV Bacterial Infections 337

13 Bacteriocidal Effects of Phytochemicals on Mycobacterium ulcerans, the Causative Agents of Buruli Ulcer 339
Alloysius Chibuike Ogodo, Francis Ushie Ebuara, and Chidera Favour Ogodo

14 Bactericidal Effects of Phytochemicals on Mycobacterium leprae, the Causative Agent of Leprosy 359
Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Muhammad Akram, Surajudeen Abiola Abdulrahman, Andrew G. Mtewa, Mithun Rudrapal, Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, Saher Rahat, Iram Ghaffar, Amna Siddique, Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje, Michael C. Olisah, Mihnea-Alexandru Ga˘man, Bui Thanh Tung, Chandan Shivamallu, Chukwuemelie Zedech Uche, and Johra Khan

15 Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals Effective Against Chlamydia trachomatis, the Causative Agent of Trachoma 381
Yusuf Abubakar, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Ahmed Olatunde, Habibu Tijjani, and Uchenna Estella Odoh

16 Yaws (Endemic Treponematoses) Drug Discovery from Phytochemicals: An Informatics Protocol for Drug Target Identification to Phytochemical Inhibitor Screening and Validation 397
Zarrin Basharat and Arisha Khoso

Part V Viral Infections 417

17 Dengue Fever: A Brief Overview and Insights into the Potential Applicability of Phytochemicals in Its Management 419
Muhammad Akram, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Shaista Jabeen, Olugbemi Tope Olaniyan, Nebechi Jane Ezeofor, Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Umme Laila, Mihnea-Alexandru Ga˘man, Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje, Chukwudi Jude Chikwendu, Michael C. Olisah, and Mithun Rudrapal

18 Medicinal Potentials of Phytochemicals for the Management of Rabies 441
D. Chandan, Shiva Prasad Kollur, Shashanka K. Prasad, Chandrashekar Srinivasa, Prabhurajeshwar, S. M. Gopinath, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, and Chandan Shivamallu

Part VI Fungal and Ectoparasitic Infections 453

19 Roles of Medicinal Plants in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Eumycetoma 455
Chinaza Godswill Awuchi, Muhammad Akram, and Chibueze Gospel Awuchi

20 Role of Phytochemicals in the Treatment of Ectoparasitic Infections: Scabies and Myiasis 477
Santwana Palai, Shyam Sundar Kesh, Chinaza Godswill Awuchi, Surajudeen Abiola Abdulrahman, and Chukwuebuka Egbuna

Part VII Non Classified NTDs: Malaria and Human Tuberculosis 499

21 Malaria and Recent Developments in Antimalarial Drugs 501
Mithun Rudrapal and Dipak Chetia

22 Therapeutic Potentials of Phytochemicals Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the Causative Agent of Tuberculosis 543
Alloysius Chibuike Ogodo, Verwiyeh Silas Tatah, Francis Ushie Ebuara, and Chidera Favour Ogodo

Index 571