Interfacing Bioelectronics and Biomedical Sensing (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 6
Challenges in the Design of Large-Scale, High-Density, Wireless Stimulation and Recording Interface 8
1 Introduction 8
2 Cancellation of Artifacts During Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording 9
2.1 Stimulation Artifact Cancellation by Circuit Design 10
2.2 Stimulation Artifact Cancellation by Digital Signal Processing 11
2.3 Stimulation Artifact Cancellation by a Complete System Design 12
3 Focalized Stimulation 14
4 High-Density Electrode Array 15
4.1 Scaling Trend of Neural Interfaces 15
4.2 Actively Multiplexed, Flexible Electrode Arrays 16
4.2.1 Rationale and Concept 16
4.2.2 Capacitively Coupled Arrays of Multiplexed Flexible Silicon Transistors for Chronic Electrophysiology 17
5 Gigabit Wireless Link 20
5.1 Design Consideration 20
5.1.1 Bandwidth/Data Rate Requirement 21
5.1.2 Power Constraint 22
5.1.3 Transmission Distance 23
5.2 State-of-the-Art Gigabit Wireless Telemetry 25
5.3 High-Density Gigabit Wireless Neural Recording System 27
6 Future Large-Scale, High-Density Wireless Stimulation and Recording System 29
6.1 System Architecture 29
6.2 Outlook 30
References 31
Advances in Bioresorbable Electronics and Uses in Biomedical Sensing 36
1 Introduction to Bioresorbable Electronics 36
1.1 Motivation and Classification 36
1.2 Background 38
2 Overview and Advancements of Constituent Resorbable Materials 39
2.1 Conductor 41
2.1.1 Inorganic 41
2.1.2 Organic 48
2.2 Semiconductor 49
2.2.1 Inorganic 49
2.2.2 Organic 50
2.3 Insulator: Dielectric 51
2.3.1 Inorganic 51
2.3.2 Organic 53
2.4 Insulator: Substrate 53
2.4.1 Inorganic 53
2.4.2 Organic 54
2.5 Insulator: Encapsulation Layer 59
2.5.1 Inorganic 59
2.5.2 Organic 60
3 Applications in Biomedical Engineering 61
3.1 Energy Supply 61
3.1.1 Batteries 63
3.1.2 Mechanical Energy Harvesters 64
3.1.3 Microsupercapacitors 65
3.2 Biosensing 66
3.2.1 Electrophysiologic Monitoring 66
3.2.2 Environmental Sensing 67
3.2.3 Elastic Sensors for Electrophysical, Chemical, and Mechanical Sensing 68
3.3 Therapeutics 69
3.3.1 Heat-Stimulated Drug Release 69
3.3.2 Tissue Regeneration 70
3.3.3 Multifunctional Therapies 71
4 Summary and Outlook 71
References 72
Inorganic Dissolvable Bioelectronics 80
1 Introduction 80
2 Materials 81
2.1 Semiconductors 81
2.2 Conductors 82
2.3 Insulators 85
3 Manufacturing Processes 86
4 Functional Components and Systems 90
4.1 Power Supply Components 90
4.2 Functional Transformation and Active Control 92
4.3 Biomedical Implants 95
5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 100
References 103
Wirelessly Powered Medical Implants via Radio Frequency 108
1 Introduction 108
1.1 Near-Field WPT 109
1.2 Batteryless Direct Stimulation 112
1.3 Battery-Based Stimulation 113
1.4 Remote-Controlled Stimulation 114
1.5 Multi-coil Stimulation 115
2 Far-Field WPT 117
3 Midfield WPT 119
4 Future Directions and Conclusion 121
References 121
Electrocardiogram: Acquisition and Analysis for Biological Investigations and Health Monitoring 124
1 Introduction 124
1.1 Background 124
1.2 The Studied Animal Model: Zebrafish 125
1.3 Electrocardiogram 126
1.4 The Structure of This Chapter 126
2 The Nature of Electrocardiogram (ECG) 127
2.1 Pacemaker Action Potential 127
2.2 Cardiomyocyte Action Potential 128
2.3 Electrophysiological Pathway of the Cardiac System, the ECG 129
3 ECG Acquisition Methods 130
3.1 Contact Electrode 130
3.1.1 Wet Electrode 130
3.1.2 Dry Electrode 132
3.2 Noncontact Electrodes (NCE) 133
4 ECG Acquisition, Processing, and Analysis in Zebrafish 134
4.1 Microelectrode Array (MEA) Membranes 135
4.2 Simple-Yet-Novel Housing for ECG Measurement of Awake Zebrafish 137
4.3 Zebrafish ECG Analysis 138
5 ECG monitoring in humans 139
6 Discussion and Outlook 140
6.1 Current Wearable Technology 140
6.2 Connecting Findings in Animal Research with Diagnosis and Prognosis in Humans 141
6.3 The Promise of Artificial Intelligence 142
7 Conclusion 144
References 145
Flexible Intravascular EIS Sensors for Detecting Metabolically Active Plaque 150
1 Introduction 150
1.1 Atherosclerosis 150
1.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Relevance to Atherosclerosis 151
1.3 Equivalent Circuit Model for EIS 153
2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Implementation 154
2.1 Four-Point EIS 154
2.2 Concentric Bipolar Electrodes (CBE) 155
2.3 CBE for In Vivo Animal Study 158
2.4 Two-Point Symmetric Configuration 160
2.5 3-D EIS Interrogation in NZW Rabbit Model 162
3 Conclusion and Future Outlook 165
References 166
Epidermal EIT Electrode Arrays for Cardiopulmonary Application and Fatty Liver Infiltration 170
1 Introduction 170
1.1 Fundamental Principle of EIT 171
1.2 Nonlinear Inverse Problem for EIT Imaging 172
1.3 EIDORS Open-Source Tools 175
2 EIT for Cardiopulmonary Application 176
2.1 Motivation 176
2.2 EIT in Mechanically Ventilated Patients During Surgery or ICU 177
2.3 EIT for Pulmonary Perfusion 177
2.4 EIT for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 178
2.5 EIT in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) 178
2.6 EIT in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) 179
2.7 Discussion and Outlook 180
3 EIT for Liver Fat Infiltration 180
3.1 Motivation 180
3.2 Simulation Study 181
3.2.1 Change of Geometric Boundaries 182
3.2.2 Change in the Size of the Liver 183
3.3 NZW Rabbit Model 183
3.4 EIT for Clinical Translation 184
3.5 Discussion and Outlook for EIT in Liver Fat Infiltration 186
4 Conclusion and Future Direction 188
References 188
High-Frequency Ultrasonic Transducers to Uncover Cardiac Dynamics 192
1 High-Frequency Ultrasonic Transducers 192
2 Emerging Applications for Small Animal Models 193
2.1 High-Frequency Transducer for Mouse 193
2.2 High-Frequency Transducer for Zebrafish 195
References 197
Minimally Invasive Technologies for Biosensing 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Point-of-Care Devices 202
3 Wearable Biosensors 204
4 Minimally Invasive Sensing with Wearable Biosensors 206
4.1 Biomarker Sensing 206
4.2 Electrophysiological Sensing 207
5 Edible Biosensors 208
6 Microneedle-Based Biosensors 211
7 Smart Bandages 215
8 Conclusion and Outlook 220
References 223
Index 231