Interstitial Lung Disease (eBook)

Contributors
Preface
CLINICAL APPROACH
CHAPTER 1
Approach to the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease by Gregory P. Cosgrove and Marvin I. Schwarz
Classification, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Evaluation, Treatment and Follow-Up, References
CHAPTER 2
Anatomic Distribution and Histopathologic Patterns of Interstitial Lung Disease by Kevin O. Leslie, Thomas V. Colby, and David A. Lynch
Assessment of Diffuse Pulmonary Disease According to Anatomic Distribution of Lesions, Histologic Evaluation of Interstitial Diseases by Identifying a Reaction Pattern of Lung, Injury and Repair, More Specific Histologic Features of Interstitial, Lung Disease, An Apparently Normal Biopsy in the Setting of Interstitial Lung Disease, Clinicopathologic Correlation in Interstitial Lung Disease, Correlation of Pathology and Radiology in the Study of Interstitial Lung Disease, Examples of Specific Interstitial Lung Diseases, Summary, References
CHAPTER 3
Physiology of Interstitial Lung Disease by Chris M. Parker, Michael F. Fitzpatrick, and Denis E. O’Donnell
Pulmonary Mechanics, Gas Exchange Abnormalities, Pulmonary Hypertension and Cardiac Dysfunction, Exercise Pathophysiology, Sleep and Interstitial Lung Disease, Mechanisms of Dyspnea, Clinical Utility of Physiologic Measurement, Summary, References
CHAPTER 4
Pulmonary Hypertension Complicating Interstitial Lung Disease by Joseph P. Lynch III, John A. Belperio, Michael C. Fishbein, and David A. Zisman
Diagnosis of PAH, Incidence and Importance of PAH In Interstitial Lung Diseases, Pathogenesis of PAH, Therapy of PAH, Validity of End Points for Clinical Trials, References
CHAPTER 5
Imaging of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases by David A. Lynch
Techniques, CT Findings in Normal Patients, Pattern Recognition in Diffuse Lung Diseases, CT Features of Specific Interstitial Lung Diseases, Clinical Applications of HRCT in Diffuse Lung Disease, Summary, References
CHAPTER 6
Bronchoalveolar Lavage by Ulrich Costabel and Josune Guzman
Technical Principles, Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Healthy Adults, Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Interstitial Lung Disease, Bronchoalveolar Lavage as an Adjunct to Diagnosis, Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Differential, Diagnosis of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease, Assessing Disease Activity and Prognosis, References
CHAPTER 7
Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease by Leland L. Fan and Megan K. Dishop
Classification, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Evaluation, Treatment, Outcome, Summary, References
CHAPTER 8
Novel Therapies for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Amy L. Olson and Ganesh Raghu
Inflammation, Fibrogenesis, or Both, Fibroblastic Foci and the Fibroblastic Reticulum, Source of Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts: Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation and Extrapulmonary Progenitor Cells, Recent Clinical Trials199, References

BASIC MECHANISMS
CHAPTER 9
Genetics of Interstitial Lung Diseases by William E. Lawson and James E. Loyd
Approaches to Genetic Studies, Familial Interstitial Pneumonia, Genetic Causes of IIP, Genetic Polymorphism Associations in IIP, Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, Familial Clustering and Associated Polymorphisms in Other ILDs, Defined Genetic Syndromes with Lung Involvement, References
CHAPTER 10
Genomics of Interstitial Lung Disease by Thomas J. Richards and Naftali Kaminski
Conceptual Understanding of Genome–Scale Studies, New Insights Derived From Gene Expression Studies of Ild, Summary, References
CHAPTER 11
Virus-Related Interstitial Lung Disease by Ana L. Mora and Jesse Roman
Viruses in Interstitial Lung Disorders, Viruses and Interstitial Lung Disorders in Other Mammals, Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Interstitial Lung Disease, Animal Models of Virus-Induced Lung Fibrosis, Implications for Therapy, Research Needs, References
CHAPTER 12
Animal Models of Interstitial Lung Disease by Felix Chua, Geoffrey J. Laurent, Jack Gauldie, and Martin R. J. Kolb
Pathogenetic Basis of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Pulmonary Fibrosis in Animals and Animal Models, In Vivo Evaluation of Antifibrotic Compounds, Prominence of IPF/UIP as a “Model” Disease, Future Directions: Striking the Right Balance Between Utility and Expectations, References
CHAPTER 13
Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Interstitial Lung Diseases by Robert M. Tighe and Paul W. Noble
Inflammatory and Immune Cells Implicated in Interstitial Lung Diseases, Animal Models of Interstitial Lung Disease, Summary, References
CHAPTER 14
Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Lung Injury and Repair by Joao A. M. de Andrade and Mitchell A. Olman
Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Cascades, Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Lung Injury and Repair, Crosstalk Between Coagulation/Fibrinolytic Cascades and Inflammation, Anticoagulant and Fibrinolytic Therapies for Lung Injury and Repair (ALI and IPF), References
CHAPTER 15
Role of the Pulmonary Epithelium in Pathogenesis of Interstitial Lung Disease by Kevin K. Kim and Harold A. Chapman
Distal Lung Epithelial Cell Development and Function, Epithelial Cells in Initiation of Interstitial Lung Diseases, Dynamic Epithelial Cell Phenotypes: Reepithelization Versus Progressive Fibrosis, Overview and Possible Clinical Correlations. References
CHAPTER 16
Cytokine Biology and the Pathogenesis of Interstitial Lung Disease by Michael P. Keane, John A. Belperio, and Robert M. Strieter
Early–Response Proinflammatory Cytokines, Growth Factors, Fibrotic Cytokines, Chemotactic Cytokines, Summary, References
CHAPTER 17
Role and Origin of the Fibroblast in the Pathogenesis of Interstitial Lung Disease by Victor J. Thannickal, Galen B. Toews, and Sem H. Phan
Fibroblasts: Effector Cells in Fibrogenesis, Origins of Tissue Fibroblasts, Emergence of the Myofibroblast Phenotype, Fate of Tissue Myofibroblasts, Summary, References
CHAPTER 18
Immunologic Events in the Development of Interstitial Lung Disease: The Paradigm of Sarcoidosis by Gianpietro Semenzato, Monica Facco, and Carlo Agostini
Antigenic and Genetic Factors Involved in Sarcoid Inflammation, How Factors Involved in the Initiation and Maintenance of Inflammatory Responses in ILD, Granuloma Formation and Evolution, Mechanisms Leading to Pulmonary Fibrosis, Molecular Targets for Immunoppressive Drugs in Sarcoidosis, Summary, References
CHAPTER 19
Sarcoidosis by Paolo Spagnolo, Paul Cullinan, and Roland M. du Bois
Milestones, Pathogenesis, Pathology, Clinical Presentation, Investigations, Treatment, Management Strategies: A Summary, Summary, References
CHAPTER 20
The Health Effects of Silica and Coal Dust Exposures by Daniel E. Banks
Forms of Silica, Occupational Exposure to Silica, Biologic Consequences of Silica Inhalation, Pathology of Silicosis, Radiographic Patterns of Silicosis and “Types” of Silicosis, Symptoms and Physical Findings of Silicosis, Pulmonary Function in Silica-Exposed Workers and Those with Silicosis, ILO Classification and Chest Imaging in Silicosis, Diagnosis of Silicosis, Complications of Silicosis, Treatment of Silicosis, Prevention of Silicosis, Health Effects of Coal Dust Exposure, History, Formation and Characteristics of Coal, Techniques of Mining Coal, Epidemiology, Industrial Bronchitis, Dust Exposure and Changes in Lung Function, Smoking, Dust Exposure, and Airways Obstruction, Incidence and Prevalence of CWP, Mortality Studies, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features of CWP and Imaging, Pathology, Management, References
CHAPTER 21
Asbestosis and Asbestos-Induced Pleural Fibrosis by Mark P. Steele and David A. Schwartz
Characteristics of Asbestos, Clinical Aspects of Asbestos-Induced Lung Disease, Cellular and Molecular Effects of Asbestos, Mechanisms of Asbestos-Induced Lung Disease, Prognosis and Treatment, References
CHAPTER 22
Beryllium Disease by Andrew P. Fontenot, Lee S. Newman, and Lisa A. Maier
Historic Perspective, Exposure to Beryllium, Pathology, Toxicology and Immunopathogenesis, Clinical Features, Natural History of Chronic Beryllium Disease, Treatment and Follow-Up, Lung Cancer, Surveillance, Prevention, References
CHAPTER 23
Interstitial Lung Disease and Other Occupational Exposures (Hard Metal Pneumonocosis) by Lisa A. Maier, Craig S. Glazer, and Karin Pacheco
Pathophysiology, Cobalt-Induced Interstitial Lung Disease, Other Metal-Induced Granulomatous Disease, Other Nongranulomatous Metal-Induced ILDs, Uncommon Pneumoconioses, Emerging Occupational ILDs, Summary, Acknowledgment, References
CHAPTER 24
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis by Moisés Selman
Historical Background, Pathogenesis, Antigens, Prevalence, Smoking and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, Clinical Features, Imaging Approaches, Pulmonary Function Tests, Pulmonary Circulation, Laboratory Tests, Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Differential Diagnosis, Inhalation Challenge, Histology, Diagnostic Foresights, Bronchial Hyperreactivity, Asthma, and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, Treatment, Prognosis and Survival, References
CHAPTER 25
Interstitial Lung Disease from Drugs, Biologics, and Radiation by Philippe Camus
Causal Drugs, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Clinical-Imaging and Pathologic Patterns of DILD, Infiltrative Lung Disease Due to SpecificDrugs or Agents, Conclusion, Acknowledgments, References
CHAPTER 26
Connective Tissue Diseases by Talmadge E. King, Jr., Eunice J. Kim, and Brent W. Kinder
General Considerations, Management of CTD-Associated ILD, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma), Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis, Sjögren’s Syndrome, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis, Behçet’s Disease, Relapsing Polychondritis, References
CHAPTER 27
Pulmonary Vasculitis by Ulrich Specks
Nomenclature, Disease Classifications, and Definitions, Epidemiology, Wegener’s Granulomatosis, Microscopic Polyangiitis, Churg–Strauss Syndrome, ANCAs, Giant Cell Arteritis, Takayasu’s Arteritis, Behçet’s Disease, Pulmonary Vasculitis Associated with Connective Tissue Disorders, Necrotizing Sarcoid Granulomatosis, References
CHAPTER 28
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage by Abigail R. Lara, Stephen K. Frankel, Marvin I. Schwarz
Histology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Wegener’s Granulomatosis, Microscopic Polyangiitis, Isolated Pulmonary Capillaritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Other Collagen Vascular Diseases, Antiphospholipid Syndromes, Henoch-Schönlein Purpura and Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy, Behçet’s Disease, Cryoglobulinemia, Idiopathic Glomerulonephritis, Acute Lung Allograft Rejection, Miscellaneous Causes of Pulmonary Capillaritis, Goodpasture’s Syndrome (Anti–Basement Membrane Antibody Disease), Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis, Penicillamine and Noncytotoxic Drugs, Trimellitic Anhydride and Pyromellitic Dianhydride, Mitral Stenosis, Coagulation Disorders, Diffuse Alveolar Damage and Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and Tuberous Sclerosis, Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease, Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Negative Pressure Pulmonary Hemorrhage, Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis, Malignancy and Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage, References
CHAPTER 29
Eosinophilic Pneumonias by Jean-François Cordier and Vincent Cottin
The Eosinophil, Definition and Diagnostic Criteria of Eosinophilic Pneumonia, Description and Classification of the Eosinophilic Pneumonias, Pathology, Eosinophilic Pneumonias of Undetermined Origin, Eosinophilic Pneumonias of Determined Origin, Summary, References
CHAPTER 30
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Talmadge E. King, Jr.
Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias, Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathogenesis, Clinical Findings, Laboratory Findings, Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Physiologic Findings, Lung Imaging Studies, High-Resolution Computed Tomography, Histopathologic Findings, Confirming the Diagnosis of IPF, Natural History, Management and Outcome, Other Management Issues in Patients with IPF, Risk Factors for Progressive Disease and Survival in IPF, References
CHAPTER 31
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia by Fernando J. Martinez and Kevin R. Flaherty
Historical Perspective, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Assessment, Pathology, Prognosis, Management and Treatment, References
CHAPTER 32
Smoking-Related Interstitial Lung Diseases by Robert Vassallo, Andrew H. Limper, and Jay H. Ryu
Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated ILD, Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia, Pulmonary Langerhans’ Cell Histiocytosis, Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia, Summary, References
CHAPTER 33
Organizing Pneumonia by Talmadge E. King, Jr.
Secondary Forms of Organizing Pneumonia, Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia, References
CHAPTER 34
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia by Harold R. Collard and Kevin K. Brown
Definition and Differential Diagnosis, Etiology and Pathobiology, Epidemiology and Clinical Features, Management, Natural History and Prognosis, References
CHAPTER 35
Bronchiolitis by Talmadge E. King, Jr.
General Considerations, Clinical Syndromes Associated with Bronchiolitis, References
CHAPTER 36
Lymphoplasmocytic Infiltrations of the Lung by Gregory P. Cosgrove and Marvin I. Schwarz
Etiology, Clinical Presentation, Prognosis and Treatment, Pathogenesis, Plasma Cell Infiltrations of the Lung, Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma, Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis (Angiocentric Lymphoma), References
CHAPTER 37
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis by Arnold S. Kristof and Joel Moss
Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathology, Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Tests, Imaging Studies, Pulmonary Function Tests, Pathologic-Radiologic-Physiologic Correlation, Diagnosis, Treatment, Natural History and Prognosis, Acknowledgments, References
CHAPTER 38
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis by Maurizio Luisetti and Bruce C. Trapnell
Pulmonary Surfactant: Composition, Function, and Homeostasis, Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis, Surfactant Metabolic Dysfunction Disorders, Summary and Future Research, References
CHAPTER 39
Miscellaneous Interstitial Lung Diseases by Tristan J. Huie and Marvin I. Schwarz
Respiratory Tract Amyloidosis, Light Chain Deposition Disease, Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia, Common Variable Immunodeficiency, Gaucher’s Disease, Niemann-Pick Disease, Fabry’s Disease, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, Lysinuric Protein Intolerance, Telomerase-Associated Pulmonary Fibrosis of the Lung, Erdheim-Chester Disease, Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis, Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome, Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis, Neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen’s Disease), Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia and ILD, Pulmonary Calcification, Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis, Diseases of Autoimmunity Associated with ILD, Granulomatous Pneumonitis Induced by Bacille Calmette-Guérin, Pulmonary Fibrosis as a Consequence of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ILD Following Pulmonary Infections, ILD Complicating Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, ILD Following Aspiration, Lipoid Pneumonia, Bronchioloalveolar Cell Carcinoma, Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis, References
Index