Manual of Pediatric Balance Disorders

Robert C. O'Reilly, MD, FACS, is the Director of the Balance and Vestibular program at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Dr. O'Reilly is a graduate of Thomas Jefferson University Medical School (1990) and completed residency in Otolaryngology at the same institution. He completed a fellowship in Neurotology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and is board certified in Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.Thierry Morlet, PhD is the Head of the Auditory Physiology and Psychoacoutics Laboratory at A.I. duPont Hospital for Children (Wilmington, DE) and Adjunct Assistant Professor at the University of Delaware. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++Thierry Morlet earned his PhD in the neuroscience program at the University of Lyon in France in 1997. He is a neuroscientist whose area of expertise is human auditory physiology. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++Sharon L. Cushing is a full time paediatric otolaryngologist at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, and an Associate Professor and Clinician Investigator in the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery at the University of Toronto. She is the Director of the Cochlear Implant Program at the Hospital for Sick Children. Dr. Cushing has a clinical and surgical interest in disorders of the external, middle and inner ear, including hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Her research interest include vestibular and balance function and dysfunction in children, and its association with hearing loss and cochlear implantation. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++Jacob R. Brodsky, MD, FACS, FAAP is an Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology at Harvard Medical School, a Pediatric Otolaryngologist in the Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement at Boston Children’s Hospital, and the Director of the Balance and Vestibular Program at Boston Children’s Hospital. Dr. Brodsky’s clinical and academic work focuses on disorders of the middle and inner ear, including the medical and surgical management of hearing loss and vestibular disorders. He has published widely on these topics and routinely presents his work at national and international meetings. He has a particular research interest on the effects of concussion and head trauma on the inner ear. He is the director of the Balance and Vestibular Program and co-coordinator of the Multidisciplinary Concussion Clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital. Dr. Brodsky completed his Otolaryngology residency at Upstate Medical University in 2011 and his Pediatric Otolaryngology fellowship at Boston Children’s Hospital in 2012.

Preface
Acknowledgements
Editor’s Biographies
Contributors

Section I. Basic Mechanisms
Chapter 1. Anatomy and Embryology of the Vestibular Apparatus
Richard Vincent, Huseyin Isildak, Michael Teixido
Chapter 2. Physiology and Maturation of Balance Mechanisms
Thierry Morlet

Section II. Clinical Evaluation
Chapter 3. Vestibular Adaptation and Compensation
James O. Phillips
Chapter 4. History and Physical Examination of the Child with a Balance Disorder
Sharon L. Cushing, Jessica Levi, and Robert C. O'Reilly
Chapter 5. VNG/ENG Testing with Children
Emily Zwicky
Chapter 6. Rotary Chair Testing
James O. Phillips
Chapter 7. Video Head Impulse Testing (vHIT)
Guangwei Zhou, Violette Lavender, and Vincent Wettstein
Chapter 8. Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potential Testing (VEMP) Testing
Sylvette Wiener-Vacher and Guangwei Zhou
Chapter 9. Static Balance: Computerized Dynamic Posturography
Eugen Ionescu, Pierre Reynard, Nathalie Goulème, and Hung Thai-Van

Section III. Pediatric Vestibular Disorder
Chapter 10. Dynamic Balance and Gross Motor Assessment
Anne Scofich and Renee Haldenby
Chapter 11. Gait Analysis
John Henley, Tim Niiler, and Freeman Miller
Chapter 12. New Horizons for the Evaluation of Functional Balance, Self-Motion Perception, Navigation, and Mobility
L. Campos, Claire McSweeny, Karen A. Gordon, and Sharon L. Cushing
Chapter 13. Genetics and Metabolism in Pediatric Balance Disorders
Lance H. Rodan and Melissa Ramocki
Chapter 14. Peripheral Vestibular Dysfunction
Sharon L. Cushing and Jane Lea
Chapter 15. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
Sophie Lipson and Jacob R. Brodsky
Chapter 16. Vestibular Migraine and the Pediatric Migraine Variants
Henri Traboulsi, Margaretha Casselbrant, and Jacob R. Brodsky
Chapter 17. Vestibular Dysfunction in Pediatric Concussion
Jacob R. Brodsky
Chapter 18. Structural Lesions of the Central Nervous System
Shelly Wang and George M. Ibrahim
Chapter 19. Neurodegenerative Diseases
David R. Lynch, Abigail Lynch, and Kimberly Schadt
Chapter 20. Seizure Disorders
Christina Y. Go

Section IV. Treatment
Chapter 21. Pediatric Movement Disorders
Teesta Soman and Ana Marissa Lagman-Bartolome
Chapter 22. Ocular and Oculomotility Abnormalities in Children
Y. Arun Reginald
Chapter 23. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)
Stephanie Moody Antonio
Chapter 24. Vertigo, Dizziness and Mental Health
Gillian Liberman, Wanda A. Dillon, Philip Gerretsen, and Sharon L. Cushing
Chapter 25. Multisensory Deficits
Joan Vertes
Chapter 26. Vestibular Rehabilitation
Michael Karl
Chapter 27. Environmental Adaptations
Janet Woodhouse, Morai Pena, and Nicole Laprade
Chapter 28. Current and Future Research and Challenges
Sharon L. Cushing and Robert C. O’Reilly

Self-Assessment Answer Key
Index