Atlas of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Third Edition

Binita R. Shah, MD Director of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine Kings County Hospital Center, SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn Brooklyn, New YorkProfessor of Clinical Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn Brooklyn, New York Michael Lucchesi, MD, Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York, and Associate Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine and Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York As Chair of Emergency Medicine at Kings County Hospital, Dr. Lucchesi oversees one of the largest, busiest EDs in the US. Drs. Shah and Lucchesi will write the majority of the atlas themselves, with a small team of contributors (3-4) to assist them.

Dedication
About the Cover Images
Contents
Contributing Authors
Photography Credits
Radiography Credits
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Nonaccidental Trauma
Child Abuse
Cutaneous Manifestations of Child Abuse
Orofacial Trauma
Inflicted Burns
Skeletal Manifestations of Child Abuse
Femur Fractures
Rib Fractures Due to Abuse
Skull Fractures Due to Abuse
Abusive Head Trauma
Abusive Thoracoabdominal Trauma
Infanticide Versus Sudden Unexplained Infant Death Syndrome
Chapter 2 Conditions Mistaken For Physical And Sexual Abuse
Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis
Folk Healing Practices
Cold Panniculitis
Nevi of OTA and ITO
Port-Wine Stain
Phytophotodermatitis
Contact Dermatitis from Senna
Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy
Impetigo
Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation
Raccoon Eye
Hair-Tourniquet Syndrome
Menkes Disease
Vitamin D Insufficiency, Vitamin D Deficiency, and Rickets
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
Perianal Bacterial Dermatitis
Labial Adhesion
Urethral Prolapse
Straddle Injury
Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases
Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Scarlet Fever
Impetigo
Ecthyma
Erysipelas
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Ecthyma Gangrenosum
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Meningococcemia
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Cat-Scratch Disease
Lymphadenitis
Chickenpox
Herpes Zoster
Oropharyngeal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Herpetic Whitlow
Mumps
Roseola Infantum
Measles
Rubella
Infectious Mononucleosis
Erythema Infectiosum
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Herpangina
Cutaneous Larvae Migrans
Ascariasis
Malaria
Chapter 4 Sexual Abuse, Gynecology, and Sexually Transmitted Infections
Overview of Child Sexual Abuse and Assault
Sexual Abuse and Sexually Transmitted Infections
Condylomata Acuminata
Trichomoniasis
Congenital Syphilis
Primary and Secondary Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Genital Herpes
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Ectopic Pregnancy
Chapter 5 Cardiology
Bradycardia
First-Degree Atrioventricular Block
Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block
Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block
Long Qt Syndrome
Syncope
Sinus Tachycardia
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Atrial Flutter
Premature Ventricular Contractions
Hypercyanotic Spell of Tetralogy of Fallot
Ductal-Dependent Cardiac Lesions/Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Infective Endocarditis
Chest Pain
Acute Pericarditis
Acute Myocarditis
Congestive Heart Failure
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Pulmonary Hypertensive Crises
Chapter 6 Respiratory Disorders
Tracheobronchial Foreign Bodies
Pertussis
Croup
Bacterial Tracheitis
Epiglottitis
Bronchiolitis
Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Intrathoracic Tuberculosis
Miliary Tuberculosis
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Asthma
Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Pulmonary Embolism
Chapter 7 Dermatology
Urticaria
Angioedema
Serum Sickness/Serum Sickness–Like Reactions
Urticaria Multiforme
Erythema Multiforme
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Drug Reactions
Henoch-SchöNlein Purpura
Acne Fulminans
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Atopic Dermatitis
Eczema Herpeticum
Psoriasis
Guttate Psoriasis
Pityriasis Rosea
Granuloma Annulare
Scabies
Tinea Versicolor
Tinea Capitis
Tinea Corporis
Tinea Cruris
Tinea Pedis
Tinea Unguium
Warts
Molluscum Contagiosum
Acropustulosis of Infancy
Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Infantile Hemangioma
Mastocytosis
Café-au-Lait Spots
Erythema Nodosum
Acanthosis Nigricans
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn
Candidal Diaper Dermatitis
Perioral Dermatitis
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Chapter 8 Ophthalmology
Orbital Cellulitis
Preseptal Cellulitis
Hordeolum and Chalazion
Acute Conjunctivitis
Ophthalmia Neonatorum (Newborn Conjunctivitis)
Leukocoria
Infantile Glaucoma
Corneal Foreign Body
Corneal Abrasion
Corneal Ulcer
Hypopyon
Hyphema
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Eyelid Laceration
Traumatic Globe Rupture
Orbital Fracture
Retrobulbar Hemorrhage
Chemical Burns
Chapter 9 Otolaryngology
Acute Otitis Media
Complications of Otitis Media
Otitis Externa
Perichondritis
Auricular Foreign Body
Auricular Hematoma
Epistaxis
Nasal Foreign Bodies
Acute Sinusitis
Chronic Sinusitis
Pott Puffy Tumor
Deep Neck Space Infection
Peritonsillar Abscess
Lemierre Syndrome
Chapter 10 Surgical and Genitourinary
Intussusception
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Acute Nonperforated Appendicitis
Perforated Appendicitis
Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia
Testicular Torsion
Testicular Trauma
Epididymo-Orchitis
Torsion of The Appendix Testis
Vaginal Foreign Body in a Prepubertal Child
Congenital Imperforate Hymen with Hematometrocolpos
Bartholin Gland Abscess
Paraphimosis
Ovarian Torsion
Intestinal Malrotation and Volvulus
Umbilical Granuloma
Umbilical Hernia
Chapter 11 Hematology and Oncology
Sickle Cell Anemia with Fever
Sickle Cell Anemia with Acute Pain
Sickle Cell Anemia with Acute Chest Syndrome
Sickle Cell Anemia and Cerebrovascular Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia with Priapism
Sickle Cell Anemia with Right Upper Quadrant Syndrome
Sickle Cell Anemia and Transient Aplastic Crisis
Sickle Cell Anemia and Acute Splenic Sequestration Crisis
Newly Diagnosed Immune Thrombocytopenia
Hemophilia
Lymphadenopathy
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Abdominal Mass
Neuroblastoma
Ovarian Tumors
Osteosarcoma
Ewing Sarcoma
Chapter 12 Rheumatology
Kawasaki Disease
Incomplete Kawasaki Disease
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Neonatal Lupus
Raynaud Phenomenon
Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Macrophage Activation Syndrome
Lyme Disease
Chapter 13 Neurology
Bacterial Meningitis
Raised Intracranial Pressure
Altered Mental Status
Febrile Seizures
Seizures and Epilepsy
Status Epilepticus
Stroke in Children
Neurocysticercosis
Bell Palsy
Headache
Brain Tumors
Hydrocephalus
Spinal Cord Lesions (Nontraumatic)
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis
Infantile Botulism
Chapter 14 Endocrinology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Addison Disease
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Hypothyroidism and Myxedema
Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid Storm
Chapter 15 Gastrointestinal Disorders
Esophageal Foreign Bodies
Foreign Bodies Distal to Esophagus
Anorectal Foreign Bodies
Battery Ingestions
Retained Bones
Sharp Objects
Magnet Ingestions
Hematemesis
Pancreatitis
Biliary Colic
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Exacerbations
Constipation
Rectal Bleeding
Chapter 16 Nephrology
Proteinuria
Hematuria
Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Urinary Tract Infection
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Obstructive Uropathy
Hypertensive Emergencies
Nephrolithiasis
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Chapter 17 Toxicology
The Evaluation and Management of Poisoning in Children: General Approach and GI Decontamination
Acute Acetaminophen Toxicity
Acute Salicylate Toxicity
Iron Toxicity
Opioid Toxicity
Cocaine Toxicity
Methemoglobinemia
Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticide Toxicity
Castor Bean and Rosary Pea Ingestion
Phenothiazine Toxicity
Anticholinergic Drug and Plant Toxicity
Acute Isoniazid Toxicity
Camphor Toxicity
Hydrocarbon and Naphthalene Toxicity
Ecstasy/Molly Toxicity
Ketamine Toxicity
Dextromethorphan Toxicity
Marijuana Toxicity
Ethylene Glycol Toxicity
Methanol Toxicity
Ethanol Toxicity
Prescription Drugs of Abuse
β-Blocker and Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity
Clonidine Toxicity
Cyclic Antidepressant Toxicity
Lead Toxicity
Caustics
Nicotine
Caffeine
Chapter 18 Environmental Emergencies
Thermal Burns
Peripheral Cold Injuries
Anaphylaxis
Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation
Black Widow Spider Envenomation
Scorpion Envenomation
Dog Bites
Rabies Exposure and Vaccine Prophylaxis
Cat Bites
Human Bites
Venomous Marine Animals: Stinging Marine Animals—Corals, Sea Anemones, Hydroids, and Fire Coral
Stinging Marine Animals: Box Jellyfish, True Jellyfish, and Portuguese Man-of-War
Stinging Marine Animals: Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
Stabbing Marine Animals: Starfish, Sea Urchins, and Crown-of-Thorns Starfish
Stabbing Marine Animals
: Stonefish and Scorpionfish (Family Scorpaenidae)
Stabbing Marine Animals: Stingray
Stabbing Marine Animals: Cone Shells (Family Conidae)
Biting Marine Animals: Blue-Ringed Octopus
Lightning Injuries
Snake Envenomations
High-Altitude Illness
Chapter 19 Orthopedics
Fractures and Fracture Classification
Tuft Fractures
Phalanx Fractures
Mallet Finger
Bennett Fracture and Rolando Fracture
Boxer’s Fracture
Fractures of Carpal Bones (Scaphoid Fracture)
Forearm Fractures
Galeazzi Fracture Dislocation and Monteggia Fracture Dislocation
Olecranon Fracture
Radial Head and Neck Fractures
Supracondylar Fracture
Humerus Fracture
Clavicle Fracture
Scapular Fracture
Femur Fracture
Patella Fractures
Maisonneuve Fracture
Ankle Fracture and Sprain
Calcaneal Fracture
Jones Fracture
Lisfranc Fracture
Stress Fracture
Dislocations: Interphalangeal Joint Dislocation
Lunate and Perilunate Dislocations
Elbow Dislocation
Anterior and Posterior Glenohumeral Joint Dislocations
Hip Dislocation
Knee Dislocation
Ankle Dislocation
Patella Dislocation
Pelvic Avulsion Fractures
Tibial Tubercle Avulsion Fracture
Musculoskeletal Injuries: Gamekeeper’s Thumb
Nursemaid’s Elbow
Acromioclavicular Injuries
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Achilles Tendon Rupture
Foreign Bodies and Penetrating Injuries
Hand Infections: Paronychia
Flexor Tenosynovitis
Bone and Joint Infections: Acute Osteomyelitis
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell Disease
Septic Arthritis
Neonatal Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
Pott Disease
Chapter 20 Trauma
Head Trauma
Skull Fractures
Basilar Skull Fracture
Acute Subdural Hematoma
Epidural Hematoma
Cerebral Contusion
Cerebral Concussion
Nasal Septal Hematoma
Nasal Fractures
Mandible Fractures
Midfacial Fractures (Maxillary/Le Fort, Frontal Sinus, Nasoorbitoethmoid)
Orbital Trauma
Fractures of the Zygomatic Complex and Zygomatic Arch
Soft Tissue Trauma
Lip Laceration Involving the Vermilion Border
Tongue Laceration
Traumatic Temporomandibular Joint Dislocation
Penetrating Neck Injury
Cervical Spine Injuries
Jefferson (4-Part) Burst Fractures
Odontoid Fractures
Traumatic Spondylolisthesis of C2
Extension Teardrop Fracture
Anterior Flexion Fractures (Flexion Teardrop)
Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation
Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality
Bilateral Facet Dislocation
Unilateral Facet Dislocation
Anterior Subluxation
Spinal Process (Clay Shoveler’s) Fracture
Dental Trauma
Pulmonary Contusion
Rib Fractures and Flail Chest
Pneumothorax and Tension Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Traumatic Airway Obstruction
Aortic Disruption
Traumatic Diaphragm Rupture
Tracheobronchial Tree Injury
Abdominal Trauma
Splenic Injuries
Hepatic Injuries
Other Intra-Abdominal Trauma Including Seatbelt Injuries
Pelvic Fractures
Ring Incarceration
Nail Bed Injury
Subungual Hematoma
Digital Amputation
Degloving Injury
Penetrating Hand or Foot Injury
Traumatic Extremity Amputation
Fishhook Removal
Zipper Injury
Chapter 21 Emergency Ultrasound
Emergency Ultrasound
Appendicitis
Intussusception
Pyloric Stenosis
Biliary Ultrasound
First-Trimester Pregnancy
Pediatric Lung Ultrasound
Abscesses and Cellulitis
Pediatric Hip Ultrasound
Pediatric Fractures
Point-of-Care Cardiac Ultrasonography and Assessment of Volume Status
Index