Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
PREFACE 6
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 8
CHAPTER I. GENERAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF BONE 16
1. General Introduction 16
II. The Primary Constituents of Bony Tissue 20
III. Types of Bony Tissue 26
IV. Organization of Bony Tissue 29
V. "Membrane" and "Cartilage" Bone 37
REFERENCES 38
PLATE I 40
CHAPTER II. BONE AS A MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROBLEM 42
I. Introduction 42
II. Shape and Size 43
III. Growth of the Skull 46
IV. Cancellous Bone 48
V. Bone Strength 52
VI. Hormonal Effects 59
VII. Nervous Influences on Bone 60
VIII. Strength of Healing Fractures 64
REFERENCES 64
CHAPTER III. THE GROUND SUBSTANCE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND CARTILAGE 68
I. Introduction 68
II. Historic Survey 69
III. The Term "Ground Substance" 73
IV. Distribution and Physical Characteristics 74
V. Microscopy of Ground Substances 75
VI. Chemistry of Ground Substances 81
VII. Genesis of Ground Substance Materials 85
VIII. Some Physiological Aspects 86
IX. Possible Organization of Ground Substance 87
X. Concluding Remarks 88
REFERENCES 89
CHAPTER IV. THE ORGANIC MATRIX OF BONE 96
I. Introduction 96
II. The Chemistry of Bone Collagen 105
III. Chemical Nature of the Other Constituents of the Matrix 112
IV. The Place of the "Organic Matrix" in Bone Structure 116
REFERENCES 118
CHAPTER V. COLLAGEN FIBERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE 122
I. Introduction 123
II. Methods of Investigation 123
III. Structure of Collagen Fibers 127
IV. The Formation of Collagen Fibers 139
V. Relation of Collagen to its Environment 149
VI. Alterations of Collagen Fibers Observed by X-ray Diffraction and Electron Microscopy 152
VII. Destruction of Collagen Fibers 153
PLATE I 155
PLATE II 155
REFERENCES 158
CHAPTER VI. ULTRASTRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL SALTS IN BONE TISSUE 164
I. Introduction 164
II. Distribution of the Inorganic Salts in Bone Tissue 165
III. Survey of the Methods for the Study of the Ultrastructure of Bone 168
IV. Structure of the Inorganic Constituent of Bone 175
V. Relation between Mineral Salts and Collagen in Bone Tissue 183
PLATE I 187
REFERENCES 191
CHAPER VII. THE OSTEOBLAST 194
I. Introduction 194
II. General Cytology 197
III. Cytochemistry 202
IV. Integration of Morphological and Histochemical Studies 209
V. Functional Significance 210
VI. Morphological Status and Transformations 212
VII. Conclusion 219
PLATE I 222
PLATE II 222
PLATE III 222
REFERENCES 226
CHAPTER VIII. THE OSTEOCLAST 228
I. Introduction 228
II. Microscopical Appearances 230
III. Origin and Fate 245
IV. Function 249
ADDENDUM 255
PLATE I 257
REFERENCES 263
CHAPTER IX. PHOSPHATASE AND BONE 266
I. Historical 266
II. Identity of Bone Phosphatase and Comparison with Soft Tissue Phosphatase 269
III. Histological Distribution of Phosphatase in Mature and Developing Bone 271
IV. Phosphatase and Bone Repair 278
V. Significance of Phosphatase in Bone Formation 284
VI. Summary 291
ADDENDUM 292
PLATE I 293
REFERENCES 299
CHAPTER X. THE CHEMISTRY OF CALCIFICATION 302
I. Nature of Bone Salt 302
II. Relation of Bone Composition to Diet 310
III. Cartilage and Bone Matrix 310
IV. Calcium Binding of Cartilage 312
V. In Vitro Calcification 314
VI. The Role of Glycogenolysis 315
VII. Reversible Inhibition of the Calcifying Mechanism 319
VIII. Conclusion 320
REFERENCES 320
CHAPTER XI. CITRIC ACID AND BONE 324
I. Introduction 324
II. The Citrate Content of Bone 325
III. Complex Formation Between Citrate and Calcium 327
IV. Citrate and Calcium in Blood and Urine 328
V. Citrate and Calcium Deposition, in Vitro and in Bone 330
VI. Citrate, Rickets, and Vitamin D 331
VII. Citrate Metabolism in Bone 334
VIII. Bone/ Citrate and Hormones 335
IX. Summary 336
REFERENCES 337
CHAPTER XII. AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF BONE FORMATION AND GROWTH 340
I. Introduction 340
II. General Features of Bone Formation 341
III. Intramembranous Bone Formation 346
IV. Endochondral Bone Formation 347
REFERENCES 356
PLATE I 357
CHAPTER XIII. OSTEOGENESIS IN THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND FETUS 374
I. Introduction 374
II. Ossification and Growth 375
III. Development of Specific Bones 390
IV. Onset of Ossification 405
V. General Considerations of Bone Development 406
REFERENCES 412
CHAPTER XIV. SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT IN TISSUE CULTURE 416
I. Introduction 416
II. Morphogenesis 418
III. Physiology 445
IV. Conclusion 454
REFERENCES 455
CHAPTER XV. THE GROWTH OF BONE 458
I. Body Growth and Bone Growth 458
II. Structural Aspects of Bone Growth 462
III. Physiological Control of Normal Bone Growth 473
IV. Bone Growth Under Pathological Conditions 478
V. Conclusions 485
REFERENCES 486
CHAPTER XVI. REPAIR AND TRANSPLANTATION OF BONE 490
I. The Repair of Bone 490
II. The Transplantation of Bone 511
III. Bone Induction 518
REFERENCES 520
CHAPTER XVII. VITAMIN A AND BONE 522
I. The Chemistry of Vitamin A 522
II. Hypovitaminosis A 524
III. Hypervitaminosis A 533
REFERENCES 552
CHAPTER XVIII. VITAMIN C AND BONE 554
I. Introduction 554
II. Vitamin C Deficiency and Intercellular Substances in General 554
III. Bone 566
REFERENCES 585
PLATE I 589
COLOR PLATE 593
CHAPTER XIX. VITAMIN D AND BONE 596
I. Introduction 597
II. Chronological Survey 597
III. Vitamin D as Anti-Rachitic Vitamin 601
IV. Definition of Rickets 601
V. Abnormality of Bone Structure and Composition in Rickets 602
VI. Rickets as a Deficiency Disease 604
VII. Mode of Action of Vitamin D 621
VIII. Hypervitaminosis D 623
IX. Synopsis of Vitamin D Chemistry and Biochemistry 631
REFERENCES 634
CHAPTER XX. STEROID HORMONES AND BONE 638
I. Introduction 639
II. Scope of the Problem 639
III. Sexual Dimorphism of the Skeleton 643
IV. Ovarian Steroids 643
V. Testicular Steroids 668
VI. Adrenal Cortical Steroids 675
VII. Summary and Conclusions 677
PLATE I 679
PLATE II 681
REFERENCES 683
CHAPTER XXI. ANTERIOR PITUITARY REGULATION OF SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT 686
I. Introduction 686
II. Experimental Conditions 687
III. Effects of Hormonal Deficiency on Skeletal Growth 688
IV. Effects of Hormonal Deficiency on Skeletal Maturation 699
V. Effects of Hormonal Deficiency on Skeletal Proportions 708
VI. Other Relationships of the Pituitary Gland to Skeletal Development 712
VII. Summary 714
REFERENCES 716
CHAPTER XXII. THE PARATHYROID GLANDS AND BONE 720
I. Introduction 720
II. Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Parathyroid Glands 721
III. The Parathyroid Hormone 722
IV. The Mode of Action of the Parathyroid Hormone 723
V. The Mechanism of Resorption of Bone 727
VI. The Role of the Parathyroid Glands in Homeostasis 730
VII. Hyperparathyroidism and Bone Disease 736
REFERENCES 739
CHAPTER XXIII. THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON BONE 744
I. Introduction 744
II. Radiation Dosimetry with Special Relation to Bone 745
III. Relationship of Anatomy and Physiology of Bone to Radiation Pathology and Dosimetry 749
IV. Pathological Changes Induced in Bone by Radiation 757
V. Conclusions 776
REFERENCES 777
CHAPTER XXIV. PATHOLOGICAL CALCIFICATION 782
I. Introduction 782
II. Sequences in Pathological Calcification 783
III. Relations Between Electrolyte Imbalance and Pathological Calcification 787
IV. Relations Between Matrices and Pathological Calcification 798
V. Relations Between Cells and Pathological Calcification 808
VI. Relations Between the Ageing Process and Pathological Calcification 817
VII. An Exchange-Replacement Theory of Calcification of Organic Matrices 821
REFERENCES 824
AUTHOR INDEX 826
SUBJECT INDEX 852