Proceedings of the Seventh New England (Northeast) Bioengineering Conference (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Proceedings of the Seventh New England (Northeast) Bioengineering Conference 2
Copyright Page 3
Table of Contents 6
Preface 24
CHAPTER 1. A HARDWARE DEVICE FOR MULTISPIKE SIGNAL DETECTION AND SORTING BY TEMPLATE MATCHING 26
Introduction 26
Design 26
Results 28
Dicussion 28
References 29
Acknowledgement 29
CHAPTER 2. RAM-IT: A HIGH-RESOLUTION INTERVAL TIMER AND BUFFERED STORAGE SYSTEM FOR NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS 30
INTRODUCTION 30
Event Processing 31
Status Encoder 31
Timing 31
Storage 31
Control 31
Present Configuration 32
Acknowledgement 32
LITERATURE CITED 33
CHAPTER 3. MICROPROCESSOR BASED REAL-TIME SYSTOLIC TIME INTERVAL SYSTEM 34
CHAPTER 4. A DUAL-PROCESSOR SYSTEM FOR EVOKED POTENTIAL RESEARCH 38
I. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 38
II, LATA ANALYSIS 40
REFERENCES 41
CHAPTER 5. A MICROCOMPUTER-BASED DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CARDIOPULMONARY STRESS TESTING 42
CHAPTER 6. A COMPUTERIZED UNIT DATA ACQUISITION AND REDUCTION SYSTEM 46
INTRODUCTION 46
DESIGN 46
APPLICATION 48
REFERENCES 50
CHAPTER 7. AN ELECTROSURGICAL HAZARD MONITOR 51
Introduction 51
Analysis of Hazards 51
The Hazard Monitor Design 52
Conclusions 53
References 54
CHAPTER 8. SIMPLE AND TRULY ASEPTIC CATHETERIZATION OF FEMALES 55
CHAPTER 9. THE FLUID MECHANICS OF CROMOLYN SODIUM INHALERS USED FOR ASTHMA PREVENTION 58
REFERENCES 61
CHAPTER 10. A HIGH SENSITIVITY BLOOD PRESSURE DEVICE WITH DIGITAL OUTPUT 62
CHAPTER 11. PRESSURE TRANSDUCER DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZATION, AND COMPENSATION 66
REFERENCES 69
CHAPTER 12. A GOGGLE SYSTEM USING ELECTRICALLY ACTIVATED LIQUID CRYSTAL SHUTTERS FOR USE IN VISUALLY EVOKED RESPONSE TESTS 70
REFERENCES 72
CHAPTER 13. RESPIRATORY RATE MONITOR USING AN AUDIO PICK-UP 74
REFERENCES 77
CHAPTER 14. HYDRODYNAMICS OF BLOOD MANIFOLDS ON ARTIFICIAL ORGANS 78
REFERENCES 80
CHAPTER 15. PLATELET ADHESION IN A FLOW CHAMBER 82
REFERENCES 84
CHAPTER 16. H+ BINDING AND DIFFUSION-RE ACT ION RATES IN COLLAGEN ELECTROMECHANICS 86
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 88
REFERENCES 89
CHAPTER 17. KINETIC ANALYSIS OF INSULIN BEHAVIOR BY INTERACTIVE SIMULATION 90
CHAPTER 18. STRESS ANALYSIS OF HUMAN FEMUR - A RATIONAL APPROACH 94
REFERENCES 95
CHAPTER 19. A LAMINATED POLYMER-METAL FIXATION PLATE REDUCED STRESS SHIELDING WITH FRACTURE STABILIZATION 98
INTRODUCTION 98
MATERIALS AND METHODS 98
RESULTS 99
ANIMAL TESTS 100
DISCUSSION 100
CONCLUSIONS 100
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 101
CHAPTER 20. ULTRASONIC REMOVAL OF POROUS COATED IMPLANTS 102
MATERIALS AND METHODS 102
EXPERIMENT I: 102
RESULTS 103
DISCUSSION: 
103 
REFERENCES 103
CHAPTER 21. FAILURE ANALYSIS OF STAINLESS STEEL SURGICAL IMPLANTS 104
References 105
CHAPTER 22. STRESS ANALYSIS OF THE SUBTROCHANTERIC FRACTURE OF THE FEMUR 108
REFERENCES 111
CHAPTER 23. FABRICATION OF DENSE ß-TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE CERAMIC FORPOTENTIAL PROSTHETIC APPLICATIONS 112
PREFERENCES 115
CHAPTER 24. THE EARLY RESULTS OF CLINICAL TRIALS WITH A MICROPOROUS METAL HIP PROSTHESIS 116
REFERENCES 118
CHAPTER 25. SLOWLY PROPAGATING FRACTURE IN BONE 119
INTRODUCTION 119
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 119
DISCUSSION 122
CONCLUSIONS 123
REFERENCES 123
CHAPTER 26. THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL DATA INTERFACE 124
REFERENCES 126
CHAPTER 27. APPLICATION OF A PARTITIONED KARHUNEN-LOEVE EXPANSION SCHEME TO ECG/VCG DATA COMPRESSION 127
REFERENCES 130
CHAPTER 28. ANALYSIS OF VASCULAR SOUND IN STENOTIC FLOWS 131
REFERENCES 134
CHAPTER 29. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM IMPULSE RESPONSE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS 135
INTRODUCTION 135
METHOD 135
RESULTS 135
DISCUSSION 136
CHAPTER 30. AN AUTOMATED METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZING CROSS-SECTIONAL PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX SHAPES 139
REFERENCES 141
CHAPTER 31. A PROGRAM FOR THE ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF SIGNALS 143
REFERENCES 145
CHAPTER 32. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL MODELS FOR TISSUE REFLECTANCE OXIMETRY 147
REFERENCES 150
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 150
CHAPTER 33. INFRARED ABSORPTION STUDIES OF TISSUE 151
REFERENCES 152
CHAPTER 34. INFRARED MICRO-INTERFEROMETER FOR TISSUE ANALYSIS 154
REFERENCES 157
CHAPTER 35. A SENSITIVE FIBER OPTIC FORCE TRANSDUCER FOR MEASURING ISOMETRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS 158
I. Introduction 158
II. Principles of Operation 158
III. Selected Construction Details 160
IV. Results 161
V. References 161
Acknowledgement 161
References 165
CHAPTER 36. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF CURRENT ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUES 166
REFERENCES 169
CHAPTER 37. Frequency-Dependent Ultrasonic Backscatter from Brain Tissue 170
References 173
CHAPTER 38. OPTIMUM FIXATION OF BONE CEMENT IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT 174
METHOD 174
RESULTS 175
DISCUSSION 176
CHAPTER 39. AN ALUMINA-ACRYLIC COMPOSITE BONE CEMENT 177
REFERENCES 181
CHAPTER 40. RHEOLOGY OF ACRYLIC BONE CEMENTS 183
METHODS AND MATERIALS 183
RESULTS 184
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 185
REFERENCES 185
CHAPTER 41. DEVELOPMENT OF A VARIABLE STIFFNESS, ABSORBABLE BONE PLATE 187
INTRODUCTION 187
MATERIALS AND METHOD 187
RESULTS 189
DISCUSSION 189
CONCLUSIONS 189
REFERENCES 190
CHAPTER 42. BONE-CEMENT INTERFACE PRESSURES IN DIFFERENT FEMORAL COMPONENTS OF TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT 191
METHOD 191
RESULTS 191
DISCUSSION 193
CHAPTER 43. CONTOUR CLASSIFIERS FOR CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSES 194
INTRODUCTION 194
EXAMPLE OF MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN BIOENGINEERING 194
CONTOUR CLASSIFIERS 195
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 197
REFERENCES 197
CHAPTER 44. AN EMISSION TOMOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF MYOCARDIAL SCINTIGRAMS 198
Introduction 198
Theory Reconstruction by Cross Correlation
Method 199
Discussion 200
REFERENCES 201
CHAPTER 45. AN ALGORITHM FOR DISTORTION ANALYSIS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL PATTERNS USING ITS PROJECTIONS 202
ABSTRACT 202
1. Introduction 202
2. Mathematical Formulation 202
3. Application of the BPM Method 204
4. Conclusions 205
References 205
CHAPTER 46 A HISTOMORPHOMETRIC TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYZING BLOOD VESSEL SMOOTH MUSCLE, ELASTIN, AND COLLAGEN 206
Specimen Preparation 206
Image Digitization 207
Image Analysis 207
REFERENCES 209
CHAPTER 47. TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMBINED MEMBRANE OXYGENATOR/HEMODIALYZER 210
Experimental Procedures 210
Theoretical Development 211
Results and Discussion 211
Acknowledgements 213
References 213
CHAPTER 48. DEVELOPMENT OF A RIGID-VANE ARTIFICIAL HEART 214
Introduction 214
Vane Pump Design 214
Gearbox Design 215
Blood Pump Efficiency 215
Torsion Blood Seal 215
Blood Damage Test Results of Early Vane Pump 216
Vane Clearance and Dimensional Optimization 216
Development Plans 217
References 217
CHAPTER 49. A NEW LOW-POWER HIGH-RELIABILITY INFUSION PUMP 218
INTRODUCTION 218
PUMP EVALUATION 218
APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE STUDIES 220
SUMMARY 220
REFERENCES 220
CHAPTER 50. IMMUNOGENICITY OF TANNED TISSUE USED IN HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT 222
References 225
CHAPTER 51. ABOUT THE DURABILITY OF ARTIFICIAL BLOOD PUMPS 226
REFERENCES 229
CHAPTER 52. HYDRODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF A CONCAVE-CONVEX AORTIC PIVOTING DISC VALVE PROSTHESIS 
230 
REFERENCES 233
CHAPTER 53. A PRELIMINARY FLOW STUDY OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF A CONCAVE-CONVEX PIVOTING DISC PROSTHETIC HEART VALVE 234
REFERENCES 236
CHAPTER 54. MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD COAGULATION TIME USING ULTRASOUND 237
REFERENCES 240
CHAPTER 55. GEOMETRICAL EFFECTS IN ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER PERFORMANCE 241
INTRODUCTION 241
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE 241
MEASUREMENTS 242
SUMMARY 244
CHAPTER 56. IN VIVO VALIDATION OF THE TRANSIT-TIME ULTRASONIC VOLUME FLOW METER 245
INTRODUCTION 245
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 245
IN VIVO PERFORMANCE 246
SUMMARY 247
REFERENCES 248
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 248
CHAPTER 57. AVERAGE FREQUENCY PROCESSOR FOR ULTRASONIC DOPPLER SYSTEMS 249
INTRODUCTION 249
TECHNIQUE 249
CHARACTERISTICS 251
PERFORMANCE 251
SUMMARY 252
CHAPTER 58. ULTRASOUND DETECTION OF AGGREGATION OF RED CELLS IN BLOOD FLOW 253
REFERENCES 255
CHAPTER 59. TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRACE CONTAMINANTS IN A SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENT: TOWARDS A TOXO-KINETIC/DYNAMIC MODEL 257
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 260
REFERENCES 260
CHAPTER 60. REGIONAL ELECTROAEROSOL DEPOSITION IN THE LUNG 261
REFERENCES 264
CHAPTER 61. THE FITTING OF A CUBIC MODEL TO A THREE COMPONENT ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM 265
ABSTRACT 265
REFERENCES 268
CHAPTER 62. A STOCHASTIC APPROACH TO THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CELL KINETICS USING MICROFLUOROMETRIC DNA DATA 269
REFERENCES 271
CHAPTER 63. LOCAL MICROWAVE HYPERTHERMIA AS A TREATMENT OF CANCER 273
REFERENCES 276
CHAPTER 64. CONTROLLED ULTRASONIC TEMPERATURE RESPONSE IN TUM3R IRRADIATION 277
References 280
CHAPTER 65. SHARED CLINICAL ENGINEERING IN A RURAL SETTING 281
Historical Background 281
Why Share a Clinical Engineering Program? 282
Future Development 282
References 283
CHAPTER 66. A RADIOLOGY REPORTING SYSTEM WHICH IS BASED UPON AN INDIVIDUALIZED LIST OF THE MOST LIKELY DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES 
284 
Methods 284
Results 287
Discussion 287
CHAPTER 67. CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF PATIENT MONITORING FOR BARBITURATE THERAPY IN SEVERE HEAD TRAUMA 288
REFERENCES 290
CHAPTER 68. AN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE PREPROCESSORU SING A COMBINED ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING METHOD 292
REFERENCES 295
CHAPTER 69. A RESPIRATORY SUBSYSTEM FOR A PATIENT MONITORING COMPUTER SYSTEM 296
INTRODUCTION 296
RESPIRATORY SUBSYSTEM OVERVIEW 296
RESPIRATORY DATA ENTRY 296
RESPIRATORY DATA RECALL 298
CONCLUSIONS 298
CHAPTER 70. MEDICAL DATA SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION NETWORKS: A COURSE OUTLINE 300
REFERENCES 303
CHAPTER 71. AUDIO-VISUAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR IMPROVED DELIVERY OF SERVICES IN A PSYCHOSOMATIC CLINIC 304
CHAPTER 72. ABNORMAL LEFT VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION PATTERNS IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE 307
Introduction 307
Method 307
Results 308
Conclusion 310
REFERENCES 310
CHAPTER 73. CHARACTERIZATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DYNAMICS BY GENERATION OF PROGRAMMED PREMATURE CONTRACTIONS 311
REFERENCES 314
CHAPTER 74. THE MECHANICS OF HUMAN FETAL MEMBRANE RUPTURE 315
REFERENCES 318
CHAPTER 75. A NEW APPROACH TO STUDYING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ARTERIES 319
1. Introduction 319
2 . Experimental System 319
3 . Experimental Methods 320
4. Analysis 320
5. Results 321
6. References 322
CHAPTER 76. IN VIVO NON INVASIVE DETERMINATION OF AORTIC STIFFNESS 323
INTRODUCTION 323
METHODOLOGY AND DISCUSSIONS 323
REFERENCES 326
CHAPTER 77. POWER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF EEG DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAT 327
INTRODUCTION 327
METHODS 327
RESULTS 329
DISCUSSION 329
REFERENCES 330
CHAPTER 78. A MODEL OF THALAMOCORTICAL INTERACTIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENERALIZED SEIZURES 331
References 334
CHAPTER 79. SEPARATION OF COCKROACH GIANT ACTION POTENTIALS USING MULTIUNIT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 335
Abstract 335
Introduction 335
Materials and Methods 335
Results 336
Discussion 336
References 337
CHAPTER 80. DETERMINATION OF THE ONSET AND TERMINATION OF EMG SIGNALS 339
REFERENCES 342
CHAPTER 81. VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSE MEASUREMENT EMPLOYING A COMPUTERIZED RAPID RANDOM FLASH TECHNIQUE 343
REFERENCES 345
CHAPTER 82. INSTRUMENTATION FOR BRAINWAVE SIGNAL PROCESSING 346
CHAPTER 83. WHEELCHAIR CUSHION EFFECT ON SKIN TEMPERATURE, HEAT FLUX, AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY 349
References 352
CHAPTER 84. BIOMEDICAL MEASUREMENT OF HYPERNASAL SPEECH 353
REFERENCES 356
CHAPTER 85. EYE TRACKING COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 357
REFERENCES 360
CHAPTER 86. A PORTABLE TACTILE AID FOR THE DEAF USING A Z80 MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLER 361
REFERENCES 364
CHAPTER 87. PROJECT INVOLVED WITH THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATORS OF AUDITORY AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 365
CHAPTER 88. A NEARSIGHTEDNESS COMPUTER 368
THE LONG-TERM GROWTH IS REPRESENTED BY A MECHANICAL CONTROL SYSTEM 369
AN ANALOG COMPUTER REPRESENTING THE LONG-TERM FOCUS CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE EYE 369
TESTING THE MODEL 370
THE EYE AS A CAMERA: A STATIC CONCEPT VS. A DYNAMIC CONCEPT 370
THEORY EVALUATION 370
REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 89. BEAM HARDENING ARTIFACTS IN COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY 372
Figure Captions 373
CHAPTER 90. RECONSTRUCTION FROM DIVERGENT BEAMS: A COMPARISON OF ALGORITHMS WITH AND WITHOUT REBINNING 376
Introduction 376
Data Collection 
376 
Experimental Results 377
Discussion and Conclusion 378
Acknowledgements 379
References 379
CHAPTER 91. HUMIDIFYING OF ANESTHESIA GASES, CURRENT CONCEPTS AND CONSIDERATIONS 380
Introduction 380
Normal Mechanism of Respiratory Humidification 380
Rationale and Humidification 380
Deleterious Effects of Inhaling Dry Gases 381
Attitudes of Anesthesiologists 382
REFERENCES 383
CHAPTER 92. SHIFT IN EXPERIMENTAL V-I PLOT OF BILAYER MEMBRANES EXPOSED TO ANESTHETICS 384
DISCUSSION 384
REFERENCES 385
CHAPTER 93. EVALUATION OF THE ESOPHAGEAL ACCELEROMETER AS A NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF CARDIAC FUNCTION 387
References 390
CHAPTER 94. MODELLING THERMAL CHANGES IN HUMAN DURING ANAESTHESIA 391
References 394
CHAPTER 95. A FAST RESPONSE ANALYZER FOR SIMULTANOUS ON-LINE MEASUREMENTOF N2O AND HALOTHANE OR N2O AND ENFLURANE 395
CHAPTER 96. TEMPERATURE AND CURRENT DENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS 
398 
Abstract 398
Introduction 398
Modeling the Circular Dispersive Electrode 398
Discussion of Results 400
References 401
Acknowledgements 401
CHAPTER 97. PARAMETRIC STIMULATION OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE 402
REFERENCES 405
CHAPTER 98. DEVELOPMENT OF A PERCUTANEOUS ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 406
INTRODUCTION 406
BACKGROUND 406
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PETS 409
REFERENCES 411
CHAPTER 99. A SERIAL TO PARALLEL INTERFACE SYSTEM FOR TENS PAIN SUPPRESSION 413
References 415
CHAPTER 100. REGIONAL MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION MEASURED BY HYDROGEN WASHOUT 416
INTRODUCTION 416
METHODOLOGY 417
RESULTS 417
DISCUSSION 418
REFERENCES 419
CHAPTER 101. ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIGAMENTS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING 420
MATERIALS AND METHODS 420
RESULTS 420
DISCUSSION 421
CONCLUSIONS 422
BIBLIOGRAPHY 422
CHAPTER 102. AN ABSORBABLE POLYMER-FILAMENTOUS CARBON TISSUE SCAFFOLD FOR LIGAMENT AND TENDON REPLACEMENT 425
INTRODUCTION 425
MATERIALS AND METHOD 425
RESULTS 427
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 427
REFERENCES 428
CHAPTER 103. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND NEURONAL RESPONSE OF RECEPTORS IN POSTERIOR KNEE JOINT CAPSULE 
429 
INTRODUCTION 429
METHODS 429
RESULTS 430
DISCUSSION 432
REFERENCES 432
CHAPTER 104. MUSCLE ENERGY IN HUMAN WRIST MOTIONS 433
INTRODUCTION 433
SYSTEM MODEL 433
MATERIAL AND METHOD 433
REFERENCES 435
CHAPTER 105. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MP JOINT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SUBCHONDRAL BONE DENSITY 437
INTRODUCTION 437
MATERIALS AND METHODS 437
RESULTS 438
DISCUSSION 439
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 440
REFERENCES 440
CHAPTER 106. PIEZOELECTRIC RESPONSE OF BONE AS A FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY: A PRELIMINARY STUDY 441
ABSTRACT 441
INTRODUCTION 441
METHOD 442
RESULTS 443
DISCUSSION 443
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 444
REFERENCES 444
CHAPTER 107. MAGNETIC FIELD DEPENDENCE OF HALL-COEFFICIENT IN BONE - APATITE 445
ABSTRACT 445
INTRODUCTION 445
MATERIALS and METHODS 446
RESULTS and DISCUSSION 447
REFERENCES 447
CHAPTER 108. CLINICAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGE PROCESSING 449
CHAPTER 109. INITIAL EXPERIENCE WITH A CODED APERTURE FOR MYOCARDIAL IMAGING 452
REFERENCES 454
CHAPTER 110. CYTOCOMPUTER BIOMEDICAL IMAGE ANALYSIS 455
CELLULAR SYSTEMS 455
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF CELLULAR DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 457
SUMMARY 458
CHAPTER 111. POLAR SAMPLING THEOREMS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION BY FOURIER TRANSFORMS IN CAT 459
1. Main Result 459
II. Application to Tomography 460
III. Numerical Evaluation of Eq. (2) 461
REFERENCES 461
CHAPTER 112. COMPUTER MODEL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW 463
CHAPTER 113. NONLINEAR PARAMETRIC FEEDBACK IN THE REGULATION OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE 467
References 469
CHAPTER 114. HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES TO IN-SERIES CARDIAC ASSISTANCE: STUDIES USING A COMPUTER MODEL 471
INTRODUCTION 471
METHODS 471
RESULTS 472
DISCUSSION 472
REFERENCE 473
FIGURE LEGENDS 473
CHAPTER 115. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ANDROGEN INFLUENCE ON THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE 475
REFERENCES 478
CHAPTER 116. VALIDATION OF A NON-LINEAR MODEL OF THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM 479
INTRODUCTION 479
VALIDATION 479
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 480
RESULTS 480
DISCUSSION 481
REFERENCES 481
CHAPTER 117. NETWORK THERMODYNAMIC SIMULATION OF NONLINEAR, COUPLED, DYNAMIC PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 484
Introduction: 484
Renal Proximal Tubule 484
Glomerular Filtration Model 485
REFERENCES 487
CHAPTER 118. LEFT VENTRICULAR FLOW PATTERNS AS INDEX OF PERFORMANCE 488
INTRODUCTION 488
METHOD OF ANALYSIS 488
RESULTS 491
REFERENCES 491
CHAPTER 119. DESIGN OF A SYNEURISTOR 492
Syneuristor 492
Syneuristor Design 
492 
Appiications 493
REFERENCES 494
CHAPTER 120. ANATOMIC DEADSPACE MEASUREMENT IN MECHANICALLY VENTILATED PATIENTS 495
MATERIALS AND METHODS 495
RESULTS 497
DISCUSSION 498
REFERENCES 498
CHAPTER 121. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION AND PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTICS IN HUMAN LUNG MODEL 499
REFERENCES 502
CHAPTER 122. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE LUNG, WITH EMPHASIS ON AIRWAY RESISTANCE, TO EVALUATE PULMONARY PHASE CHANGE AS AN EARLY INDICATOR OF COPD 503
1. Introduction 503
2. Model Development 503
3. Results and Discussion 505
REFERENCES 506
CHAPTER 123. A MODEL OF THE GAS TRAPPING MECHANISM IN EXCISED LUNGS 507
I. CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF MENISCI IN LUNG AIRWAYS 507
II. AIRWAY PRESSURE AND MOVEMENT OF MENISCI IN THE AIRWAYS 508
III. THE DIFFUSION OF GASES ACROSS MENISCI IN THE LUNGS AND AIR TRAPPING 509
REFERENCES 510
CHAPTER 124. PERFORMANCE OF A DIGITAL EMG PROCESSOR 511
REFERENCES 514
CHAPTER 125. SAMPLING RATE FOR MYOELECTRIC PROCESSORS 515
REFERENCES 516
CHAPTER 126. DYNAMIC ERROR PERFORMANCE OF THE HUMAN OPERATOR 517
INTRODUCTION 517
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 517
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 518
REFERENCES 518
CHAPTER 127. INEXPENSIVE POCKET-SIZED ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC FEEDBACK DEVICE 521
REFERENCES 523
CHAPTER 128. ERROR AND OPTIMIZATION STUDY OF THE INSTANTANEOUS CENTER AND ANGLE OF ROTATION OF A BODY JOINT 524
Error Analysis 525
Results 525
Discussion 527
References 527
CHAPTER 129. BACK STRENGTH ASSESSMENT THROUGH ISOKINETIC ANALYSIS 528
REFERENCES 531
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 531
CHAPTER 130. CHANGES IN THE FORM OF THE LUMBAR SPINE 532
INTRODUCTION 532
OBJECTIVES 532
MATERIALS AND METHODS 532
RESULTS 533
DISCUSSION 535
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 535
REFERENCES 535
CHAPTER 131. CORRELATION OF LEG LOADING COMPONENTS IN SNOW SKIING 536
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 539
REFERENCES 539
CHAPTER 132. A DYNAMIC LONG LEG ORTHOSIS FOR DUCHENNE MUSCULAR 
540 
DESIGN CONCEPT 540
MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND OPTIMIZATION 541
SPINE EVALUATION 541
DISCUSSION 542
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 542
REFERENCES 542
CHAPTER 133. NONINVASIVE DETERMINATION OF BONE STIFFNESS 544
REFERENCES 547
CHAPTER 134. THE MEASUREMENT AND DISPLAY OF FOOT/GROUND FORCES DURING GAIT 548
AUTHOR INDEX 552