Prostaglandins-Immunopharmacology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Prostaglandins - 
4 
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Introduction 8
Part 1: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Prostacyclin 10
Chapter 1. Prostaglandins 12
Prostaglandins and Reproduction 14
Prostaglandins and Platelet Aggregation 15
Adrenergic neurotransmission. 15
REFERENCES 16
Chapter 2. Prostaglandin Endoperoxides and Thromboxanes: Biochemistry and Biological Role 18
REFERENCES 20
Chapter 3. Unstable Metabolites of Arachidonic Acidin Relation to Thrombosis 22
PRECURSORS AND INTERMEDIATES OF PROSTAGLANDINS 22
REFERENCES 29
Chapter 4. The Role of Biologically Active Lipids in Platelet Aggregation 36
Mechanisms for Aggregation by Arachidonic Acid species differences and significance of refractoriness
Mechanism of inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase (CO) 38
Aggregation fully independent from the cyclo-oxygenese pathway 38
Aggregation by thrombin and phospholipase activity 38
Aggregation and phospholipases 39
Phospholipases A2 40
Phospholipases C 40
Calcium and thromboxane-mediated aggregation 41
Control by cyclic AMP of thromboxane-dependent aggregation 42
Triggering the trigger for generation of thromboxane A2 43
Concluding remarks 44
REFERENCES 44
Chapter 5. Synthesis of Prostaglandins by Vascular and Nonvascular Renal Tissues and the Presence of an Endogenous Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibitor in the Cortex 48
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 54
REFERENCES 54
Chapter 6. Endogenous and Exogenous Metabolites of Arachidonic Acids and Cyclic Nucleotides in the Central Nervous System 56
PRESENCE AND POSSIBLE ROLE IN C.N.S. 56
MODULATION OF CENTRAL CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES 57
DISCUSSION 57
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 59
REFERENCES 59
Chapter 7. Pharmacological Interference in Biotransformation of Arachidonic Acid 62
References 69
Chapter 8. Participation of Prostaglandins in Inflammatory Pain 72
ABSTRACT 72
INTRODUCTION 72
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 76
REFERENCES 76
Part II: Pharmacology of Platelets 80
Chapter 9. Introductory Remarks 82
Chapter 10. Factors Affecting the Formation and Actionsof Cyclic AMP in Blood Platelets 84
INTRODUCTION 84
ACTIVATION OF PLATELET ADENYLATE CYCLASE BY INHIBITORY AGONISTS 85
INHIBITION OF PLATELET ADENYLATE CYCLASE BY AGGREGATING AGENTS 87
INHIBITION OF PLATELET ADENYLATE CYCLASE BY ADENOSINE ANALOGUES 88
STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CYCLIC AMP IN PLATELETS 89
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 91
REFERENCES 91
Chapter 11. The Role of Calcium Ions in the Regulation of Platelet Function and Their Pharmacological Control 96
INTRODUCTION 96
THE ROLE OF CALCIUM IONS IN PLATELET FUNCTION 97
THE MOBILIZATION OF CA2+I0NS 98
REVERSIBILITY OF PLATELET ACTIVATION 99
PHARMACOLOGICAL CONTROL OF Ca2+-LEVELS 100
CONCLUSION 100
REFERENCES 101
Chapter 12. Platelet Secretion (Release Reaction) -Mechanism and Pharmacology 106
PLATELET SECRETION 106
STORAGE GRANULES AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS 107
DIFFERENTIAL SECRETION 108
INDUCTION OF PLATELET SECRETION, THE BASIC PLATELET REACTION 108
TEE BASIC PLATELET REACTION 111
THE MECHANISM OF PLATELET SECRETION 112
PHARMACOLOGICAL MODIFICATION OF SECRETION 113
CONCLUDING REMARKS 115
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 115
REFERENCES 115
Chapter 13. Prostaglandin Endoperoxides and Thromboxanes: Role in Platelets 120
REFERENCES 124
Chapter 14. Influence of Antiadrenergic Drugs on Platelet Function 126
Inhibitors of Adrenaline-induced Platelet Reactions 126
Mechanisms of Interaction with Platelet Receptors 128
Relevance of Inhibition of Adrenaline-mediated Platelet Aggregation in vivo 130
REFERENCES 131
Chapter 15. Abnormal Platelets as Models for Understanding the Mechanisms of Platelet Function 134
GLANZMANN'S THROMBASTHENIA 135
BERNARD-SOULIER SYNDROME 137
HERMANSKY-PUDLAK SYNDROME 139
CONCLUSIONS 139
REFERENCES 140
Part III. Pharmacological Approaches to Enhancement of Immunity 144
Chapter 16. Mediators of Cellular Immunity 146
Summary 146
Cell-Kediated Tmmune Reactions are Triggered by Interactions of Macrophages and Lymphocytes 146
An Ig-Associated Tetrapeptide, Tuftsin, Signals Macrophages to Signal Lymphocytes 147
The Pro-Arg Sequence Controls the Signal Activating the Immunogenic Effect of Macrophages 150
Pro-Arg Sequence May Generate the Intracellular Signal for Activation of Programmed Cells 152
References 153
Chapter 17. A New Approach to Immunostimulation:Thymic Factors 154
ONE OR SEVERAL HORMONES 154
HORMONES WITH BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 156
FIRST CLINICAL TRIALS 156
REFERENCES 157
Chapter 18. Pharmacological Enhancement of Immunity:Role of Thymosin and the Endocrine Thymusin the Maintenance of Immune Balance 158
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE THYMOSIN POLYPEPTIDES 159
CLINICAL TRIALS WITH THYMOSIN 163
CONCLUSIONS AND PROJECTIONS 164
Acknowledgements 165
REFERENCES 165
Chapter 19. Effects of Thymosin Fraction 5 in Cancer Patients: In Vitro Studies and Correlations with Clinical Course in Patients Receiving Thymosin 168
ABSTRACT 168
INTRODUCTION 168
EFFECT OF THYMOSIN IN VITRO ON T-CELL LEVELS 169
CORRELATION BETWEEN CEA LEVELS AND PARAMETERS OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY WITH CLINICAL COURSE IN CANCER PATIENTS RECEIVING THYMOSIN 170
DISCUSSION 173
REFERENCES 174
Chapter 20. Studies of Levamisole in Experimental Tumor Systems 176
ABSTRACT 176
INTRODUCTION 176
AN OVERALL ANALYSIS 177
THE USE OF LEVAMISOLE AS AN ADJUNCT TO CYTOSTATIC CHEMOTHERAPY 180
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 183
REFERENCES 183
Chapter 21. Studies on the Immunoregulatory Activities of Non-Toxic Synthetic Polyribonucleotides 186
ABSTRACT 186
INTRODUCTION 186
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 187
REFERENCES 193
Chapter 22. Immunopharmacological Activities of Muramyl Dipeptide, A Synthetic Mycobacterial Analog 196
ENHANCEMENT OF NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY BY MDP 199
IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS 201
CONCLUSIONS 202
REFERENCES 203
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 205
Part IV: Invited Lecture 206
Chapter 23. Immune Receptors and Cell Differentiation 208
ABSTRACT 208
ANTIBODY FORMATION, A CELLULAR PROBLEM 208
GENETICS OR SOMATIC MUTATION 210
STRUCTURE AND POLYMORPHISM 210
THE INTERNAL BUILDING BLOCK 212
VARIABILITY AND SPECIFICITY 213
MOLECULAR APPROACH TO THE ANTIBODY PROBLEM 214
ALLELES IN MULTIGENIC SYSTEMS 218
SEPARATE GENETIC CONTROL OF VARIABLE AND CONSTANT PARTS 219
DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY BY SOMATIC GENETRANSLOCATION AND FUSION 222
THE NEW PRINCIPLE AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION 224
CLONE FORMATION AND IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY 225
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 226
REFERENCES 227
Index 232