Synopsis of Children's Diseases (eBook)

Front Cover 1
A synopsis of Children's Diseases 4
Copyright Page 5
Preface to the Sixth Edition 6
Preface to the First Edition 8
Table of Contents 10
Section 1: Developmental paediatrics 12
CHAPTER 1. NORMAL DEVELOPMENT 12
Factors affecting Growth and Development 12
The Importance of Developmental Assessment 13
Handicapped and Disadvantaged Children 13
Patterns of Development 15
CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL GROWTH 16
Some Factors influencing Physical Growth 16
Weight 18
Fontanelles 18
Teeth 18
Puberty and Adolescence 18
CHAPTER 3. MANAGEMENT OF THE NORMAL NEWBORN BABY 19
Immediate Management 19
Later Management 20
Medical Examination 20
Multiple Birt 22
CHAPTER 4. THE APPROACH TO CHILDREN 22
History Taking 23
Examination 23
CHAPTER 5. GENETICS 24
Chromosome Disorders 25
Single Gene Disorders 31
Genetic Counselling 31
Bibliography 32
CHAPTER 6. AETIOLOGY OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS 32
Heredity 32
Infections 33
Endocrine Disturbances 33
Nutritional Disturbances 33
Mechanical Injuries leading to Deformities 34
Drugs 34
Section 2: The neonatal period 36
CHAPTER 7. INFANT MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY 36
Perinatal Mortality and Morbidity 36
Neonatal Mortality 36
Infant Mortality 36
CHAPTER 8. INFANT FEEDING 37
Composition of Human and Cow' s Milk 37
Antenatal Preparation for Breast Feeding 38
Physiology of Lactation 39
Rooting Reflex 39
Technique of Breast Feeding 39
Frequency of Feeding 39
Failure of Lactation 39
Food Supplements 44
Weaning 44
CHAPTER 9. PERINATAL INJURY 45
Physical Birth Trauma 45
Injuries during Instrumentation 47
CHAPTER 10. CRANIAL AND INTRACRANIAL HAEMORRHAGE 47
Cephalhaematoma 47
Intracranial Haemorrhage 48
CHAPTER 11. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS 50
Perinatal Hypoxia 50
Neonatal Hypoxia 51
Neonatal Interstitial Emphysema,Pneumomediastinum and Pneumothorax 52
Other Causes of Respiratory Difficulty in Neonatal Period 52
CHAPTER 12. INFECTIONS IN NEONATAL PERIOD 52
Common Neonatal Infections 55
CHAPTER 13. METABOLIC DISORDERS OF THE NEONATAL PERIOD 58
Carbohydrate Metabolism 58
Protein Metabolism 59
Minerals and Electrolytes 59
CHAPTER 14. NEONATAL JAUNDICE 62
Bilirubin Metabolism 62
Causes of Jaundice in Newborn Period 62
Management of Neonatal Jaundice 65
CHAPTER 15. THE LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABY 66
Pre-term Infants 66
Small for Gestational Age (Light-for-dates) Infants (SGA) 72
Specific Disorders in Pre-term Infants 74
Prognosis of Low Birth Weight Infants 87
Postmaturity 88
Section 3: Infectious diseases — viral 90
CHAPTER 16. MEASLES (Morbilli 90
Congenital Rubella Syndrom 93
CHAPTER 17. RUBELLA ( German Measles 92
Congenital Rubella Syndrome 93
CHAPTER 18. ROSEOLA INFANTUM (Exanthemsubitum Sixth disease
CHAPTER 19. CHICKENPOX (Varicella) 94
Herpes Zoster 95
CHAPTER 20. MUMPS (Epidemic Parotitis) 96
CHAPTER 21. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS(Glandular Fever) 97
CHAPTER 22. HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTIONS 98
CHAPTER 23. POLIOMYELITIS (Anterior Poliomyelitis Infantile Paralysis
CHAPTER 24. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS DISEASE 102
CHAPTER 25. DENGUE FEVER 102
CHAPTER 26. KAWASAKI DISEASE (Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) 103
Section 4: Infectious diseases — bacterial and protozoal 106
CHAPTER 27. HAEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS 106
Erythema Nodosum 108
CHAPTER 28. MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS 108
CHAPTER 29. DIPHTHERIA 109
CHAPTER 30. WHOOPING-COUGH (Pertussis) 111
CHAPTER 31. SYPHILIS 113
Congenital Syphilis 113
CHAPTER 32. TUBERCULOSIS 114
Natural History of Tuberculosis in Childhood 114
Intrathoracic Primary Tuberculosis 115
Postprimary Tuberculosis 115
Extrathoracic Tuberculosis, Primary and Postprimary 118
Unclassified Mycobacteria 119
CHAPTER 33. TETANUS 120
CHAPTER 34. MALARIA 121
CHAPTER 35. TOXOPLASMOSIS 122
CHAPTER 36. VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS (Kala-azar) 123
Section 5: Immunologieal disorders 124
CHAPTER 37. NORMAL DEFENSIVE RESPONSE 124
CHAPTER 38. DISORDERS OF PHAGOCYTIC PHASE 125
CHAPTER 39. DISORDERS OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM 127
CHAPTER 40. DISORDERS OF LYMPHQCYTIC PHASE 127
Section 6: Diseases of nutrition 130
Chapter 41 FAILURE TO THRIVE 130
Malnutrition 131
Marasmus 132
Chapter42 VITAMINS 133
Vitamin A (Retino!) 133
Vitamin B Complex 134
Vitamin C 135
Vitamin D 135
Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) 139
Vitamin K 140
CHAPTER 43. FLUOROSIS 140
CHAPTER 44. OBESITY 140
CHAPTER 45. ANOREXIA NERVOSA 142
Section 7: Fluids, electrolytes and acid–base balance 144
CHAPTER 46. FLUID, ELECTROLYTES AND ACID–BASE BALANCE 144
Hypertonie Dehydration 149
Disturbances of Acid–base Balance 150
CHAPTER 47. INTRAVENOUS NUTRITION 153
Section 8: Metabolic disorders 156
CHAPTER 48. TETANY 156
Idiopathic Hypercalcaemia of Infancy 156
CHAPTER 49. INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM 157
CHAPTER 50. ERRORS IN AMINO ACIDMETABOLISM 159
Errors in Phenylalanine Metabolism 159
Errors in Tyrosine Metabolism 160
Errors in Methionine Metabolism 161
Errors in Urea Cycle 162
Errors in Branched-chain Amino Acid Metabolism 163
Errors in Propionate Metabolism 164
Errors in Histidine Metabolism 164
Errors in Imino Acid Metabolism 165
Disorders of Amino Acid Transport 165
Bibliography 166
CHAPTER 51. ERRORS IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 167
The Mucopolysaccharidoses 167
Defects in Monosaccharide Metabolism 170
Errors in Fructose Metabolism 172
Disorders of Glycogen Metabolism 172
Bibliography 176
CHAPTER 52. ERRORS IN LIPID METABOLISM 176
A. Hyperlipidaemias 176
B. Hypolipoproteinaemias 178
C. Lipid Storage 178
Bibliography 178
CHAPTER 53. ERRORS IN PIGMENT METABOLISM 178
The Porphyrias 178
CHAPTER 54. ERRORS IN PURINE METABOLISM 179
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome 179
For Further Reading 180
Section 9: Diseases of the respiratory system 182
CHAPTER 55. INTRODUCTION 182
CHAPTER 56. ACUTE INFECTIONS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT 183
Acute Rhinitis 184
Acute Pharyngitis 184
Herpangina 185
Acute Epiglottitis 185
Acute Laryngitis 186
Acute Obstructive Laryngotracheitis and Laryngotracheobronchitis 186
CHAPTER 57. CHRONIC INFECTIONS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT 186
Perennial Allergic Rhinitis 186
Hay Fever 186
Disease of Nasal Sinuses 187
Recurrent Infection of Tonsils and Adenoids 187
CHAPTER 58. DISEASE OF THE NOSE,EAR AND LARYNX 188
Congenital Choanal Atresia 188
Foreign Bodies in Nose 188
Epistaxis 189
Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasis 189
Diseases of the Ear 189
CHAPTER 59. THE NON-COMMUNICATING CHILD 190
Deafness 191
CHAPTER 60. LUNG INFECTIONS 194
Introduction 194
Acute Bronchitis 194
The Wheezy Baby 194
Sinobronchitis 195
Bronchiolitis 195
Bronchopneumonia 195
Lobar Pneumonia 196
Staphylococcal Pneumonia 197
Empyema 198
Bronchiectasis 198
CHAPTER 61. FOREIGN BODIES INRESPIRATORY TRACT 198
FB in Larynx or Trachea 198
FB in Lung 198
Aspiration Pneumonia 199
CHAPTER 62. LUNG COLLAPSE 200
CHAPTER 63. INTRATHORACIC SPACE-OCCUPYING LESIONS 200
CHAPTER 64. ASTHMA 202
Bibliography 210
Section 10: The alimentary system 212
CHAPTER 65. DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 212
CHAPTER 66. FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF INFANTS AND TODDLERS 213
'Colic' 213
Vomiting 213
Constipation 213
Toddler Diarrhoea 214
CHAPTER 67. FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS IN OLDER CHILDREN 215
Vomiting 215
Recurrent Abdominal Pain 215
Chronic Constipation 216
Encopresis 218
CHAPTER 68. CONGENITAL ANATOMICAL DEFECTS 218
Micrognathos 218
Cleft Lip 219
Cleft Palate 219
Tracheo-oesophageal Fistula 219
Congenital Atresia and Stenosis of Small Intestine 223
Persistent Meeker's Diverticulum 223
Enterogenous Cysts 225
Anorectal Malformations 225
'Microscopic' Anus 226
Ectopic Anus 226
CHAPTER 69. INFANTILE HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS 226
CHAPTER 70. HIRSCHSPRUNGS DISEASE 228
Congenital Intestinal Hypoganglionosis 230
Meconium Plugs 230
CHAPTER 71. CONDITIONS AFFECTING UMBILICUS 230
Anatomy 230
Umbilical Cyst 230
Patent Urachus 231
Persistent Vitello-intestinal Duct 231
Omphalitis 231
Exomphalos 231
Gastroschisis 232
Umbilical Hernia 232
Umbilical Granuloma 232
CHAPTER 72. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH 232
Ulcers 232
Thrush 232
Dental Eruption 233
Dental Canes 233
Diseases of the Salivary Glands 234
CHAPTER 73. DISEASES OF STOMACH AND DUODENUM 234
Peptic Ulcer 234
CHAPTER 74. MALABSORPTION AND FOOD ALLERGY 235
COELIAC DISEASE 236
Cow's Milk Protein Intolerance 238
Food Allergic Disorders 239
Disaccharidase Deficiencies 239
CHAPTER 75. THE ACUTE ABDOMEN 240
Appendicitis 240
Peritonitis 242
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis 243
CHAPTER 76. INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION 243
Intussusception 244
Volvulus 246
Malrotation of Gut and Volvulus 246
CHAPTER 77. DISEASES OF THE SMALLAND LARGE INTESTINE 247
Intestinal Polyps 247
Ulcerative Colitis 247
Regional Enteritis 248
Bibliography 249
CHAPTER 78. INTESTINAL PARASITES 249
Oxyuris Vermicularis 249
Ascaris Lumbricoides 250
Hookworm Infestation 250
Toxocariasis 251
Trichurìs Trichiura 252
Taenia 252
Bilharziasis 252
Strongyloidiasis 253
Hydatid disease 253
Giardiasis 254
chapter 79 DIARRHOEA AND VOMITING 255
Specific Infective Diarrhoea 255
Section 11: Diseases of the liver, biliary system, pancreas and small intestine 262
CHAPTER 80. JAUNDICE 262
Normal Bilirubin Metabolism 262
Abnormal Bilirubin Metabolism 262
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome 263
Rotor Syndrome 263
Biliary Atresia 264
Intrahepatic Biliary Hypoplasia 266
Neonatal Hepatitis Syndrome 266
a1-Antitrypsin Deficiency 267
Obstruction by Inspissated bile 267
Choledochal Cyst 267
Leptospirosis 268
Hepatocellular Failure 268
Encephalopathy with Fatty Degeneration of Viscera 270
Suppurative Hepatitis 270
Bibliography 270
CHAPTER 81. ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS 270
Chronic Hepatitis 273
CHAPTER 82. HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS 273
Indian Childhood Cirrhosis 275
Portal Hypertension 275
CHAPTER 83. DISEASES OF PANCREASAND SMALL INTESTINE 278
Cystic Fibrosis 278
Meconium Ileus 280
Shwachman–Diamond Syndrome 281
Congenital Chloridorrhoea 281
Intestinal Lymphangiectasia 282
A-Beta-Lipoproteinaemia 282
Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis 283
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica 283
Section 12: The cardiovascular system 286
CHAPTER 84. THE INFANT ANDCHILD'S HEART IN HEALTH 286
Normal Development 286
Fetal and Neonatal Anatomy 287
CHAPTER 85. EXAMINATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 289
Auscultation 290
Murmurs 290
Blood pressure 291
CHAPTER 86. ECG ABNORMALITIES 291
Atrioventricular Conduction Disturbances 294
CHAPTER 87. CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE—GENERAL 295
Heart Failure 296
Physiological Murmurs 296
CHAPTER 88. SOME TYPES OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 297
I. Acyanotic Group 297
II. Acyanotic Group 300
III. Cyanotic Group 305
CHAPTER 89. ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD 308
Myocarditis 308
Congestive Cardiomyopathies 308
Rheumatic Fever 309
Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease 313
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis 313
CHAPTER 90. DISORDERS OF RATE AND RHYTHM 313
Paroxysmal Tachycardia 313
Wolff–Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome 313
Bradycardia 314
Hypertension 314
Section 13: Diseases of the nervous system 316
CHAPTER 91. HISTORY TAKING AND EXAMINATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 316
History 316
Examination 316
CHAPTER 92. VASCULAR LESIONS 320
Chronic Subdural Haematoma 320
Thrombosis 320
CHAPTER 93. NEUROCUTANEOUS DISORDERS 320
Sturge–Weber Syndrome 320
Neurofibromatosis 321
Tuberous Sclerosis 322
CHAPTER 94. NERVE LESIONS 322
Congenital Lesions of Cranial Nerves 322
Acute Infective Polyneurìtis 323
Poly neuropathies 324
CHAPTER 95. DISEASES OF THE SPINAL CORD 324
Spina Bifida 324
Spina Bifida Occulta 324
Meningomyelocele and Meningocele 325
CHAPTER 96. HYDROCEPHALUS 327
CHAPTER 97. CEREBRAL PALSY 329
Diplegia 330
Hemiplegia 331
Atoxic Cerebral Palsy 331
Dyskinesia 332
Complications of Cerebral Palsy 332
Management 333
CHAPTER 98. EPILEPSY AND CONVULSIONS 333
Convulsions with Manifestations Related to Maturity 334
Convulsions not Necessarily Related to Cerebral Maturity 337
Investigation of Convulsions 338
Management of Convulsion 339
Social Implications of Convulsions 340
Educational Implications of Convulsions 340
CHAPTER 99. DEGENERATIVE BRAIN DISEASES 340
CHAPTER 100. DISORDERS OF MYELINATION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 344
Metachromatic Leucodystrophy 344
Krabbe's Disease 345
Canavan's Disease 345
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) 345
CHAPTER 101. THE ATAXIAS 346
F riedreich's Ataxia 346
Ataxia-telangiectasia 346
CHAPTER 102. MENINGITIS 346
Aseptic (Virus) Meningitis 349
CHAPTER 103. ENCEPHALITIS 349
CHAPTER 104. REYE'S SYNDROME 350
Chapter 105. SPACE-OCCUPYING LESIONS OF SKULL 351
Brain Abscess 352
Intracranial Tumours 353
CHAPTER 106. MIGRAINE 354
Section 14: Psychological disorders 356
CHAPTER 107. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 356
Childhood Psychiatric Disorders 357
CHAPTER 108. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 358
CHAPTER 109. COMPULSIVE HABITS 359
Masturbation 359
Rocking, Head-banging y Head-rolling 359
Thumb-sucking 359
Nail-biting 359
ENURESIS 359
Encopresis 361
Hair Pulling y Scratching 362
Breath-holding Attacks 362
CHAPTER 110. SCHOOL REFUSAL 363
School Stress Syndrome 363
School Phobia 364
Truancy 364
CHAPTER 111. SPEECH DEFECTS 364
Stamme 365
Faulty Articulation 366
Echolalia 366
CHAPTER 112. INFANTILE AUTISM 366
CHAPTER 113. MENTAL RETARDATION 367
Mental Retardation without known cause 371
X-Linked Mental Retardation 371
CHAPTER 114. MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION (MBD) 371
Section 15: Renal diseases 374
CHAPTER 115. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 374
Embryonic Development and Prenatal Maturation of the Kidney 374
Anatomy 374
Physiology 375
CHAPTER 116. ASSESSMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION 378
Examination of the Urine 378
Physical Measurements 381
Radiological and Other DiagnosticInvestigations 381
CHAPTER 117. URINARY TRACT INFECTION 383
Definition 383
Suprapubic Aspiration of Urine 384
Midstream Urine Sample 384
'Clean Catch' Urine 384
Bag Urine Collection 384
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria 385
Urinary Tract Infection in Infants 385
Urinary Infection in Childhood 385
Investigation of Child or Infant with UrinaryInfection 385
Management 385
CHAPTER 118. GLOMERULAR DISORDERS 386
1. Clinical Syndromes Associated with GlomerularDiseases 386
2. Aetiology 390
3. Histological Findings 391
CHAPTER 119. TUBULAR DISORDERS 392
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus 392
Hypophosphataemic Rickets 392
Renal Tubular Acido sis 392
Fanconi Syndrome 392
Cystinosis 392
CHAPTER 120. CYSTIC CONDITIONS INVOLVING 393
Solitary Cysts of the Kidney 393
Cystic Dysplasia 393
Medullary Sponge Kidney 393
Calyceal Cysts 394
Infantile Poly cystic Disease 394
Adult Polycystic Disease of the Kidney 394
Familial Juvenile Nephronophthisis 394
Renal Cortical Cysts 395
Renal Cysts Associated with Syndromes 395
CHAPTER 121. ACUTE RENAL FAILURE 395
Prerenal Failure 396
Postrenal or Obstructive Causes of Renal Failure 398
Renal Causes of Acute Renal Failure 398
CHAPTER 122. CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE 399
Management 399
Metabolic Bone Disease 401
CHAPTER 123. BLOOD PRESSURE ANDHYPERTENSION 401
Measurement of Blood Presssure 401
Hypertension 402
Malignant Hypertension 403
CHAPTER 124. CONGENITAL ANOMALIESOF THE RENAL TRACT 403
Potter's Syndrome 404
Renal Duplication 404
Renal Ectopia 404
Horseshoe Kidney 404
Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction 404
Obstruction at the Lower End of the Ureter 405
Megaureter 405
Prune Belly Syndrome 405
Ectopia Vesicae 405
Urethral Valves 405
Neurogenic Bladder 405
Hypospadias 406
Epispadias 406
Undescended Testes 406
Ambiguous External Genitalia 406
CHAPTER 125. INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS 406
CHAPTER 126. STONE 406
Section 16: Diseases of the blood 408
CHAPTER 127. PHYSIOLOGY 408
Anatomy of Blood Formation 408
CHAPTER 128. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIAS 409
CHAPTER 129. ANAEMIA IN THE NEON A TAL PERIOD 410
CHAPTER 131 IRON-DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA 411
Other Deficiency Anaemias 412
CHAPTER 132 THE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIAS 413
Haemolytic Disease of Newborn 413
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn due to ABO Incompatibility 418
Heinz-body Anaemia of the Newborn 418
Acute Haemolytic Anaemia 419
Inherited Haemolytic Disorders 419
Defects in Haemoglobin Structure and Synthesis 422
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome 424
Further Reading 425
CHAPTER 132. APLASIA AND HYPOPLASIAOF BONE MARROW 425
Marrow Failure 425
Neutropenia 426
Erythrogenesis Imperfecta 427
Anaemias Secondary to Disease 427
CHAPTER 133. PURPURA 428
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura 428
Syndrome of Thrombocytopenia, Eczema and Infection 429
Haemangiomas with Secondary Thrombocytopenia 430
Purpura from Blood-vessel Disorders 430
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura 430
CHAPTER 134. HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN SYNDROME 430
CHAPTER 135. COAGULATION DEFECTS 432
Haemophilia A 432
Haemophilia B 434
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) 434
Rare Haemorrhagic Diseases 435
CHAPTER 136. HAEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN 435
CHAPTER 137. THE LEUKAEMIAS 436
Acute Leukaemia 437
Section 17: Diseases of lymphatic system and lymph nodes 442
CHAPTER 138. MALIGNANCIES 442
Congenital Disorders 443
Chylous Ascites 443
Section 18: Diseases of bone and joint 444
CHAPTER 139. GENERALIZED ABNORMALITIES OF BONE 444
Osteogenesis Imperfecta 444
Renal Osteodystrophy 444
Histiocytosis X 445
CHAPTER 140. ABNORMALITIES MAINLY AFFECTING LIMB BONES 447
Congenital Bony Abnormalities 447
CHAPTER 141. ABNORMALITIES MAINLY AFFECTING SKULL 448
Anencephal 448
Craniostenos 448
Hypertelorism 449
Lacuna Skull 449
Cleidocranial Dysostosis 449
CHAPTER 142. ACUTE INFECTION OF BONES AND JOINTS 450
Acute Osteomyelitis 450
CHAPTER 143. OSTEOCHONDRITIS JUVENILIS 450
Transient Synovitis of Hip 451
Congenital Dislocation of Hip 451
CHAPTER 144. JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 453
CHAPTER 145. POSTURAL DEFORMITIES 455
Congenital Torticollis 455
Section 19: Neuromuscular diseases 456
CHAPTER 146. CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF MUSCLE 456
CHAPTER 147. MUSCLE ATROPHY 456
The Floppy Baby Syndrome 456
Spinal Muscular Atrophy 457
Peroneal Muscular Atrophy 458
CHAPTER 148. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES 458
1. Pseudohypertrophic Muscular Dystrophy 459
2. Facioscapulohumeral Type 460
3. Limb Girdle Type 460
4. Ocular Myopathy 461
5. Distal Myopathy 461
6. Congenital Muscular Dystrophy 461
Other Myopathies 461
Myotonias 462
CHAPTER 149. MYOSITIS 462
Infective Myositis 463
Dermatomyositis 463
Myositis Fibrosa 463
Myositis Ossificans 464
Myopathy from Drugs 464
CHAPTER 150. EPIDEMIC MYALGIA 464
CHAPTER 151. OTHER DISEASES OF MUSCLE 465
Myasthenia Gravis 465
Endocrine Myopathies 465
Periodic Familial Paralysis 465
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita 465
Myoglobinuria 466
Section 20: Diseases of skin 468
CHAPTER 152. NAEVI (Birthmarks) AND GENERALIZED CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES 468
CHAPTER 153. NAPKIN (DIAPER) RASH AND MEATALULCER 468
Meatal Ulcer 469
Perianal Dermatitis 469
CHAPTER 154. VESICULAR ERUPTIONS 469
Pemphigus Neonatorum 469
CHAPTER 155. PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF SKIN 470
Scabies 470
Pediculosis Capitis 470
CHAPTER 156. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF SKIN 470
Impetigo Contagiosa 470
CHAPTER 157. TOXIC AND DRUG ERUPTIONS 470
Erythema Multiforme 470
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome 471
Scleroderma 471
Focal Scleroderma 471
CHAPTER 158. DISEASES OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT 471
Sclerema Neonatorum 471
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis 471
Lipodystrophy 472
CHAPTER 159. DERMATITIS AND ECZEMATOID LESIONS 472
Atopic Eczema 472
Seborrhoeic Eczema 473
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN Scalded skin syndrome)
Section 21: Diseases of endocrine system 474
CHAPTER 160. THE PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMUS 474
Hypersecretion of Anterior Pituitary 475
Pituitary Dwarfism 475
CHAPTER 161. DISEASES OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMUS 476
Diabetes Insipidus 476
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus 477
Disorders of Hypothalamus 478
CHAPTER 162. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA 478
Neuroblastoma and Ganglioneuroma 478
CHAPTER 163. THE ADRENAL CORTEX 480
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 481
Adrenal Insufficiency 484
Addison's Disease 484
Cushing's Syndrome 484
CHAPTER 164. THE THYROID GLAND 484
Hypothyroidism 484
Goitre 486
For Further Reading 488
CHAPTER 165. DIABETES MELLITO 488
CHAPTER 166. HYPOGLYGAEMIA 496
CHAPTER 167. SHORT STATURE 497
Delayed Development 498
Intra-uterine Growth Retardation 498
de Lange Syndrome 499
Progeria 499
Microcephalic Dwarfism 500
Leprechaunism 500
Russell-Silver Syndrome 500
CHAPTER 168. SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 500
CHAPTER 169. ABERRATIONS INSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 501
Retardation of the Onset of Puberty 501
Gynaecomastia in Males 502
Premature Development of Breasts in Female 502
Precocious Adrenarche 502
Testicular Feminization Syndrome 502
CHAPTER 170. SEXUAL PRECOCITY 502
Constitutional Sexual Precocity 503
Organic Cerebral Sexual Precocity 504
Interstitial-cell Tumour of Testis 504
Granulosa-cell Tumour of Ovary 504
Adrenal Sexual Precocity in Boys 504
Adrenal Heterosexual Precocity (Virilism) in Girls 505
Section 22: Accidents in childhood 506
CHAPTER 171. POISONING 506
Iron Poisoning 506
Lead Poisoning 507
Mercury Poisoning 508
Methaemoglobinaemia 508
Barbiturate Poisoning 509
Salicylate Poisoning 510
Poisoning with Tricyclic Antidepressants 510
Kerosene (Paraffin) Poisoning 510
Turpentine Poisoning 511
Atropine Poisoning 511
Boron Poisoning 511
CHAPTER 172. BURNS AND SCALDS 511
CHAPTER 173 SUDDEN DEATH 512
Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome ('cot death') 512
CHAPTER 174. Non-Accidental Injury (NAI Battered Baby Syndrome)
Sexual Abuse 516
Appendices 518
Appendix l Clinical Pathology in Children:Normal Values 518
Appendix 2 Clinical Assessment of Gestational Age inthe Newborn Infant 521
Appendix 3 Denver Developmental Screening Test(Cardiff Modification 525
Appendix 4 Drugs which may Colour Urine or Faeces 526
Appendix 5 Normal Values for Cerebrospinal Fluid(Mean values in brackets) 527
Appendix 6 Bone Age. A verage Time of Appearance of Osseous Centres 528
Appendix 7 International Classification of Seizures(ILAE1981)* 
529 
Appendix 8 A Scheme for Immunization againstCommon Infections 531
Appendix 9 Inherited Metabolie Disorders detected inthe Mid-trimester of Pregnancy 532
Index 534