Radioisotopes in the Human Body (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Radioisotopes in the Human Body: Physical and Biological Aspects 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
FOREWORD 6
PREFACE 8
Introduction 12
CHAPTER 1. Radioisotopes and Their Radiations 16
1. Radioactive Disintegration 16
2. Modes of Disintegration 20
3. Gamma-Ray Absorption 30
4. Units of Dose 32
5. Gamma-Ray Dose Rates 34
6. Characteristics of Particle Tracks 37
REFERENCES 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY 45
CHAPTER 2. Isotope Metabolism 46
1. Body Data 46
2. Metabolic Data 53
3. Metabolism of Particular Elements 67
4. Uptake and Retention in the Lungs 80
5. The Gastrointestinal Tract 93
REFERENCES 95
BIBLIOGRAPHY 97
CHAPTER 3. Dosimetry of Radioisotopes in Soft Tissues 98
1. Particle Dosimetry under Equilibrium Conditions 98
2. Dose Functions for Point Sources of Beta Particles 100
3. Dose Rates from Extended Sources of Beta Particles 102
4. Nonuniform Distribution of Radioisotopes in Tissues 108
5. Dose Rates from Internal Gamma-Ray Emitters 119
6. Examples of Dose Calculation 126
REFERENCES 131
BIBLIOGRAPHY 132
CHAPTER 4. The Macroscopic and Microscopic Structureof Bone 
134 
1. The Skeleton 134
2. General Structure and Growth of Bone 137
3. Formation of Bone 140
4. Calcification and Microscopic Structure of Bone 143
5. Bone Mineral 146
6. Distribution of Mineral in Bone 155
7. Structural Dimensions in Relation to Particle Ranges 159
REFERENCES 167
BIBLIOGRAPHY 168
CHAPTER 5. Dosimetry of Radioisotopes in Bone 170
1. Calculations of Dose for Simple Geometric Conditions 171
2. Improved Methods of Calculation 180
3. Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Dosimetry 189
4. Problems of Dosimetry in Trabecular Bone 199
5. Further Problems 205
REFERENCES 212
CHAPTER 6. Autoradiographic Studies of Alpha- and Beta-Dosimetry in Bone 214
1. Alpha-Particle Track Counting 214
2. Autoradiographic Dosimetry in Animal Bone 223
3. Comparative Dosimetry of Sr90 and Ra226 in Human Bone 234
REFERENCES 238
BIBLIOGRAPHY 238
CHAPTER 7. Relative Biological Effectiveness 240
1. Dose-Response Relationships 241
2. Radiation Quality 255
3. Relative Biological Effectiveness and Linear Energy Transfer 260
4. Quality Factors in Radiological Protection Work 268
REFERENCES 270
BIBLIOGRAPHY 271
CHAPTER 8. Radioactivity of the Human Body 272
1. Measurement of the Radioactivity of Tissues and Biological Materials 273
2. Measurement of Body Radioactivity 279
3. Natural Radioisotopes in the Body 284
4. Man-Made Radioisotopes in the Body 292
5. Dose Rates to Body Tissues from All Sources 298
REFERENCES 310
BIBLIOGRAPHY 311
CHAPTER 9. Determination of Maximum Permissible Levels of Radioisotopes in the Body 312
1. Principles on Which Calculations of Permissible Internal Exposure Are Based 313
2. Calculation of Maximum Permissible Body Burdens 320
3. Calculation of Maximum Permissible Concentrations in Air and Water 325
4. Dose to Critical Tissues in Bone 334
REFERENCES 343
BIBLIOGRAPHY 344
AUTHOR INDEX 346
SUBJECT INDEX 351