HRT and Osteoporosis

Section I: Pathophysiology of the Menopause.- 1 Biology of the Menopause.- 2 The Biology of Bone.- 3 Symptoms and Metabolic Sequelae of the Menopause.- 4 Psychological Effects of the Menopause.- 5 Oestrogen Deficiency and Connective Tissues.- 6 Oestrogen Deficiency and the Bladder.- Section II: Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis.- 7 Epidemiology of Osteoporosis.- 8 Implications of Osteoporotic Fractures in the Elderly.- 9 Structure of Osteoporotic Bone.- 10 Endocrinology and Osteoporosis.- 11 The Measurement of Bone Density.- 12 Screening Techniques in the Evaluation of Osteoporosis.- 13 The Patient’s View of Osteoporosis.- Section III: Risks and Benefits of HRT.- 14 Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Risk of Cancer in the Breast and Reproductive Organs: A Review of Epidemiological Data.- 15 Oestrogens and Cancer.- 16 Progestogens: Symptomatic and Metabolic Side Effects.- 17 Oestrogen Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease.- 18 Oestrogens and Thrombosis.- Section IV: Therapeutic Potential.- 19 Population Screening and the Prevention of Osteoporosis.- 20 Long-term Follow-up of Women on HRT.- 21 Effects of Oral, Percutaneous and Transdermal Oestrogens on Postmenopausal Bone.- 22 Reversal of Bone Loss with Percutaneous Oestrogens.- 23 Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis.- 24 Lifestyle, Exercise and Osteoporosis.- Section V: HRT and the Community.- 25 Premenopausal Hormone Therapy.- 26 Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Menopause: Risks, Benefits and Costs.- 27 Should HRT be Recommended in the Community?.- Conclusions and Recommendations.