Dog Breeding, Whelping and Puppy Care (eBook)

Title page 3
Copyright page 4
Contents 5
Preface 6
Section 1: Breeding, Reproduction and Care of the Normal Animal 7
1: Care of the Juvenile, Genetics and Planning of Breeding 9
1.1 Behavioural Development 9
Socialization period 9
1.2 Health Care 11
Dietary requirements 11
Vaccinations 12
Deworming 12
1.3 Physiological Development 13
Body size 13
Body conformation 13
Physical appearance and sexual behaviour 15
1.4 Onset of Puberty 15
Puberty in the bitch (see also 3.2) 16
Puberty in the dog 16
1.5 Selection of Animals for Breeding 17
1.6 Basic Genetics 18
Example of dominants and recessives 18
Polymorphism 19
Epistasis 20
Sex determination 20
Sex linkage 21
1.7 Breeding Schemes 22
Inbreeding and line breeding 23
Outcrossing 23
1.8 Fit to Breed 23
1.9 Breeding at the First (Pubertal) Oestrus 24
Reference 24
2: Anatomy of the Female 25
2.1 Vulva 25
2.2 Vestibule 25
2.3 Vestibulo-Vaginal Junction 26
2.4 Vagina 26
2.5 Cervix Uteri 27
2.6 Uterus 28
Pre-puberty 28
Pro-oestrus 29
Oestrus 29
Metoestrus (dioestrus) 29
Anoestrus 29
2.7 Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes 30
2.8 Ovaries 30
Pre-puberty 30
Pro-oestrus 31
Oestrus 31
Metoestrus (dioestrus) 31
Anoestrus 31
2.9 Mesentery 32
2.10 Blood Supply 32
2.11 Mammary Gland 32
References 33
3: Physiology of the Female 34
3.1 Terminology 34
3.2 Pre-Puberty 34
3.3 Pro-Oestrus 35
3.4 Oestrus 35
3.5 Metoestrus (Dioestrus) 37
3.6 Anoestrus 37
3.7 False Pregnancy (see also 19.8) 37
Some myths about false pregnancy 38
References 40
4: Endocrinology of the Female 41
4.1 Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh, Rarely Termed LHRH) 41
4.2 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 42
4.3 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 42
4.4 Oestrogens 43
4.5 Progesterone 44
4.6 Prolactin 44
4.7 Androgens 45
4.8 Prostaglandins 45
References 46
5: Clinical Examination of the Female 47
5.1 Basic Examination of the Reproductive Tract 47
5.2 Additional Techniques that may be Considered 47
5.3 Visual Examination of the Perineum 48
5.4 Palpation of the Mammary Glands 48
5.5 Vaginal Examination 48
Vaginal cytology 48
Crystallization (ferning) patterns in vaginal (cervical) mucus (Figure f,g) 55
5.6 Digital Examination of the Reproductive Tract 56
5.7 Endoscopic Examination of the Female Reproductive Tract 56
Interpretation (Figure ) 57
5.8 Ultrasonographic Examination of the Female Reproductive Tract 58
Principles of diagnostic ultrasound 58
Examination of the bitch 59
5.9 Measurement of Plasma Hormones (see Figure 4.1) 62
Plasma (serum) progesterone concentration (Figure ) 62
Plasma (serum) oestrogen concentration 64
Plasma (serum) luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration 64
5.10 Bacterial Examination of the Female Reproductive Tract 64
Normal bacterial colonization 64
Interpretation of vaginal bacteriology 65
5.11 Cytological Examination of Suspected Pathological Material 66
5.12 Endocrinological Stimulation Tests 66
The gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test (Figure ) 66
The human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) stimulation test (Figure ) 67
5.13 Laparoscopy and Laparotomy 68
5.14 Karyotyping 68
References 68
6: Anatomy of the Male 70
6.1 Prepuce (Sheath) 70
6.2 Penis 70
6.3 Testes (Figure ) 71
6.4 Epididymis 72
6.5 Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens) 72
6.6 Spermatic Cord 72
6.7 Inguinal Canal 73
6.8 Prostate Gland 73
6.9 Urethra 74
References 74
7: Physiology of the Male 75
7.1 Spermatogenesis 75
7.2 Temperature Control 76
7.3 Spermatozoal Transport 76
7.4 Prostate Gland 77
7.5 Erection 77
7.6 Ejaculation 78
First fraction 78
Second fraction 78
Third fraction 78
7.7 Sperm Transport in the Bitch 79
References 79
8: Endocrinology of the Male 80
8.1 Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) 80
8.2 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 80
8.3 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (also called interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)) 80
8.4 Androgens (Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone) 81
8.5 Inhibin 82
8.6 Activins and Inhibins 82
References 82
9: Normal Mating 83
9.1 Planning the Mating 83
9.2 Timing 83
9.3 Preparation for Mating 84
9.4 Normal Coital Behaviour 84
Foreplay 84
Intromission 85
The ‘tie’ 85
Practical management of breeding 85
9.5 Factors Preventing Normal Mating (see 20.6 and Chapter 24) 86
Psychological factors 86
Physical factors 87
Failure to tie 87
9.6 Certificate of Mating 88
References 88
10: Clinical Examination of the Male 89
10.1 Basic Examination of the Reproductive Tract 89
10.2 Additional Techniques That May Be Considered 89
10.3 Visual Examination of the Penis And Prepuce 90
10.4 Palpation of the Scrotal Contents 90
10.5 Semen Collection and Evaluation 90
Reasons for semen evaluation 90
Semen collection 90
Evaluation of the sample (Figure ) 94
Overall Interpretation (see also 17.3) 101
Predicting fertility (see 17.3) 102
10.6 Measurement of Alkaline Phosphatase Concentrations 103
10.7 Ultrasonographic Examination of the Male Reproductive Tract 104
Equipment for examination of the dog 104
Examination of the dog 104
The normal testis and epididymis 104
The normal prostate gland 106
10.8 Measurement of Plasma Hormones 108
Plasma (serum) testosterone concentration 108
Plasma (serum) luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration 108
Plasma (serum) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration 109
10.9 Observation of Mating Behaviour 109
10.10 Bacterial Examination of the Male Reproductive Tract 109
Interpretation of bacteriology of the prepuce 109
10.11 Testicular Biopsy 110
10.12 Testicular Fine-Needle Aspiration 110
10.13 Prostatic Biopsy 110
10.14 Prostatic Massage/Urethral Flushing 111
10.15 Endocrinological Stimulation Tests (Figure ) 111
The gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test 111
The human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) stimulation test 111
10.16 Karyotyping 113
References 113
11: Fertilization and the Optimal Breeding Time 115
11.1 Mating Time and Fertilization Time 115
11.2 Reproductive Physiology 116
The ‘fertilization period’ 116
The ‘fertile period’ 117
11.3 Assessing the Optimal Time for Mating 118
Clinical assessments 118
Endocrine assessment 120
Vaginal cytology (see 5.5) 120
Crystallization of cervico-vaginal mucus 122
Vaginal endoscopy (see also 5.7) 122
Additional examination of cervico-vaginal secretion 124
References 124
12: Pregnancy and Lactation 126
12.1 Pregnancy Length 126
The ‘apparent’ pregnancy length 126
The ‘actual’ pregnancy length 126
12.2 Endocrine Changes in Blood (Figure ) 127
Progesterone 127
Oestrogen 127
Prolactin 128
Relaxin 128
12.3 Development of the Conceptus 128
12.4 Development of the Placenta 130
12.5 Other Changes During Pregnancy 130
Behaviour 130
Appetite 131
Abdominal enlargement 131
Mammary development 131
Haematology changes 131
Mucoid vulval discharge 132
12.6 Production, Maintenance and Ejection of Milk 132
Lactation 132
Excretion of milk 132
Galactopoiesis 132
References 133
13: Pregnancy Diagnosis 134
13.1 Absence of a Return to Oestrus 135
13.2 Behavioural Changes 135
13.3 Physical Changes 135
13.4 Abdominal Palpation 135
Technique 135
Interpretation 136
13.5 Identification of Fetal Heart Beats 136
13.6 Radiography 136
13.7 Endocrinological Tests (Figure ) 137
Relaxin 137
13.8 Acute Phase Proteins (Figure ) 138
13.9 Ultrasound Examination (see also 5.8) 138
Early pregnancy (Figure ) 139
Mid pregnancy (Figure ) 140
Late pregnancy (Figure ) 141
Assessment of fetal number 142
Errors with real-time ultrasonography 142
References 142
14: Normal Whelping 143
14.1 Endocrine Control 143
14.2 Preparation of the Environment (Figure ) 144
Temperature 145
Bedding 145
Quietness 145
14.3 Equipment 145
General equipment 145
Equipment for the bitch 145
Equipment for the pups 146
14.4 Preparation of the Bitch 146
Before mating 146
At the time of mating 146
Treatments during pregnancy 146
Late pregnancy 147
14.5 The ‘Overdue’ Bitch 148
14.6 First Stage Parturition 149
14.7 Second Stage Parturition 150
14.8 Third Stage Parturition 152
14.9 Induction of Parturition 152
14.10 Care of the Bitch After Parturition 152
References 153
15: Care of Neonatal Puppies 154
15.1 Physiology and Husbandry 154
15.2 Behaviour 154
The neonatal period 155
The transitional period 155
15.3 Appearance of the Normal HEALTHY Neonatal Pup (Figure ) 155
15.4 Care of Neonates After Parturition 156
Clinical examination 156
Reducing hypothermia 156
Ensuring energy intake 157
Ensuring normal growth and identifying sick pups 157
Ensuring voiding 158
Preventative healthcare 158
Artificial rearing 158
Starting weaning 159
Section 2: Abnormalities of Reproduction and the Perinatal Period 161
16: Abnormalities of the Female 163
16.1 Vulva 163
Stenosis of the vulval opening 163
Perivulval skin fold dermatitis (Figure ) 163
Transmissible venereal tumour (Figure ) 164
16.2 Vestibule 165
Congenital constrictions 165
Enlargement of the clitoris 165
Lymphoid hyperplasia (small nodules) 165
Canine herpes virus vesicles (see 21.5) 165
16.3 Vagina 166
Strictures/stenosis 166
Hyperplasia of the vaginal mucosa (sometimes associated with protrusion) (Figure ) 167
Vaginal tumours 168
Vaginitis (see 5.5) 168
16.4 Cervix 170
16.5 Uterus 170
Aplasia 170
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia 171
Endometritis 172
Pyometra (Figure ) 172
Haemorrhagic discharge after oestrus 177
Uterine tumours 177
16.6 Uterine Tubes 178
16.7 Ovaries 178
Ovarian cysts 178
Ovarian tumours 179
16.8 Mammary Gland 179
Asymetrical mammary glands 179
Accessory nipples 179
Inverted nipples 179
Hyperplasia of nipples 180
Fibroadenomatous mammary hyperplasia 180
Mammary gland neoplasia 180
16.9 Urethra 182
Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence 182
Other urethral abnormalities 183
References 183
17: Abnormalities of the Male 184
17.1 Prepuce (Sheath) 184
Phimosis 184
Paraphimosis 184
Priapism 185
Short prepuce 185
Balanitis 186
17.2 Penis 186
Penile hypoplasia 186
Hypospadias 186
Persistent penile frenulum 186
Haemorrhage 186
Fracture of the os penis 187
Lymphoid hyperplasia 187
Posthitis 187
Balanoposthitis 188
Preputial discharge 188
Penile neoplasms 189
17.3 Testes 189
Anorchism 190
Monorchidism 190
Cryptorchidism 190
Testicular hypoplasia 192
Traumatic orchitis (inflammation of the testis) 192
Non-traumatic orchitis 193
Testicular torsion 193
Testicular degeneration 194
Abnormal spermatogenesis 195
Testicular cysts/spermatocoele 199
Hydrocoele 199
Testicular tumours 199
17.4 Epididymides 201
17.5 Vasa Deferentia 201
17.6 Urethra 202
Urethral prolapse 202
17.7 Prostate Gland 202
Benign prostatic hyperplasia 202
Acute bacterial prostatitis 204
Chronic bacterial prostatitis 205
Prostatic abscessation 205
Squamous prostatic metaplasia 205
Prostatic cysts 206
Prostatic neoplasia 207
Medical therapy for prostatic disease (see also Chapter 27) 208
Effects of prostatic disease on fertility 208
17.8 Scrotum 209
Scrotal trauma (abrasions, eczema) 209
Inguinal (scrotal) hernia 209
17.9 Mammary Gland 209
References 209
18: Intersex Animals 211
18.1 Definitions 211
18.2 Aetiology 211
Abnormalities of chromosomal sex (see 1.6 for basic genetics) 211
Abnormalities of gonadal sex 213
Abnormalities of phenotypic sex 213
18.3 Clinical Signs 213
18.4 External Physical Signs 214
18.5 Internal Reproductive Organs 214
18.6 Treatment 214
19: Abnormal Female Physiology and Endocrinology 215
19.1 Delayed Puberty (Primary Anoestrus) 215
19.2 Prolonged First Pro-Oestrus 216
19.3 Prolonged Pro-Oestrus or Oestrus (Figure ) 216
19.4 Short Inter-Oestrous Periods (Ovulation Failure) (Figure ) 217
19.5 Prolonged Anoestrus (Secondary Anoestrus) 218
19.6 Unpredictable Ovulation Time (see also 3.4 and Figure 3.2) 219
19.7 Silent Oestrus 219
19.8 Pseudopregnancy (see also 3.7) 219
Clinical signs 220
Treatment 220
19.9 Thyroid Deficiency 222
19.10 Other Hormonal Abnormalities 222
Conditions thought to be caused by hormonal abnormality 222
References 223
20: Abnormal Male Physiology and Endocrinology 224
20.1 Hypogonadism 224
20.2 Poor Libido 224
20.3 Absence of Spermatogenesis 225
20.4 Other Causes of Abnormal Spermatogenesis 225
20.5 Impaired Spermatozoal Transport 226
Accelerated passage through the epididymis 226
Retrograde ejaculation 226
Prostatic disease 227
Synthetic glucocorticosteroid therapy 227
20.6 Impotence (Inability to Copulate) 227
20.7 Attractiveness to Other Male Dogs 227
References 228
21: Abnormal Pregnancy 229
21.1 Fertilization Failure 229
21.2 Early Embryonic Death 229
21.3 Resorption 230
21.4 Uterine Body Pregnancy 231
21.5 Abortion 231
Bacterial causes of abortion 232
Viral causes of abortion 232
Protozoal causes of abortion 234
Abortion of unknown aetiology 235
Partial abortion 235
Prevention of abortion 235
21.6 Fetal Abnormalities 236
21.7 Metrocoele 236
21.8 Uterine Rupture 236
21.9 Loss of Fetal Fluid 236
21.10 Pregnancy Diabetes 237
21.11 Hypoglycaemia 237
References 237
22: Abnormal Parturition and Problems After Whelping 238
22.1 Classification of Dystocia 238
Obstructive dystocia 238
Uterine inertia (poor uterine contractions) 238
22.2 The ‘Overdue’ Bitch (see 14.5) 239
Examination of the presumed overdue bitch 240
Treatment options for the presumed overdue bitch 242
22.3 Black/Green Discharge with No Signs of Parturition 242
22.4 Nervous Inhibition of Parturition 243
22.5 Ineffectual Straining for Over 1 Hour 243
Common presentations 243
Clinical approach 244
22.6 Bitch Had Several Puppies But Restless or Larger Litter Expected 245
22.7 Oxytocin Treatment 245
22.8 Obstetrical Manipulation 245
22.9 Uterine Rupture 246
22.10 Uterine Torsion 247
22.11 Retained Fetal Membranes 247
22.12 Post-Partum Metritis 247
22.13 Post-Partum Haemorrhage 248
22.14 Subinvolution of Placental Sites 248
22.15 Hypocalcaemia (Puerperal Tetany or Eclampsia) 248
22.16 Cannibalism 249
22.17 Prolapsed Uterus 249
22.18 Failure of Milk Let-Down 249
22.19 Agalactia 250
22.20 Mastitis 250
Types of mastitis 250
Treatment of mastitis 250
22.21 Galactostasis 251
References 251
23: Care of the Sick Neonate 252
23.1 Important Considerations 252
23.2 Signs That THE Neonate May Be Sick 252
23.3 Treating a Sick Pup with Minor Signs of Disease 253
23.4 Treating a Sick Pup with Serious Signs of Disease 253
Hypoglycaemia 254
Hypothermia 255
Hypoxia 255
Dehydration 255
Commensal bacterial overgrowth 257
23.5 Causes of Death in Neonates 257
Infectious causes of neonatal death 258
Fading puppies 258
23.6 Common Causes of Illness in Neonates 258
Diarrhoea 259
Respiratory disease 259
Reference 259
24: Approach to Infertility Cases 260
24.1 Definitions 260
24.2 Expectations of Fertility 260
24.3 The Infertile Bitch 261
Infrequent oestrus 261
Mating difficulties 261
Failure to conceive after normal mating 261
Pregnancy failure 261
24.4 Treatment of Infertility in the Bitch 263
Delayed puberty and long inter-oestrus 263
Inability to mate 264
Failure to conceive after normal mating 264
24.5 The Infertile Dog 265
Failure to copulate (see 9.4 and 20.6) 265
Failure of conception after normal mating 265
24.6 Treatment of Infertility In The Dog (see 9.3 and 18.6) 265
Failure to copulate 265
Failure to achieve conception 267
24.7 Infertility in Kennels 268
The problem 268
Possible causes 268
Possible treatments 269
24.8 Why Do We Know So Little about Infertility in Dogs? 269
Lack of pressure 269
Difficulty of investigation in the bitch 269
Difficulty in investigating the dog 270
References 270
Section 3: Control of Reproduction and Reproductive Technologies 271
25: Hormonal Contraception 273
25.1 Advantages of Prevention and Suppression of Oestrus 273
25.2 Disadvantages of Prevention and Suppression of Oestrus 273
25.3 Suppression of a Pro-Oestrus that has Already Started 274
Inject a long-acting progestogen 274
Administer an orally active progestogen 274
25.4 Prevention of an Expected Pro-Oestrus/Oestrus 274
Subcutaneous administration of depot preparations during anoestrus 275
Oral administration of progestogens during anoestrus 275
Oral administration of synthetic androgens during anoestrus 275
Administration of depot androgens during anoestrus 275
Administration of a GnRH agonist 275
25.5 Prevention of Reproductive Behaviour for Extended Periods of Time 276
Subcutaneous administration of depot preparations during anoestrus 276
Short courses of orally active progestogen 276
Oral or depot administration of androgens during anoestrus 277
Administration of a GnRH agonist 277
25.6 Future Methods of Preventing Oestrus 277
Immunization 277
25.7 Unwanted Mating 277
Definitions 277
The clinical problem 278
Examination of the bitch following presumed unwanted mating 278
Treatment options 280
25.8 Hormonal Contraception in Dogs 283
References 284
26: Surgical Neutering 285
26.1 Ovariohysterectomy of The Bitch 285
Indications 285
Timing 285
Timing of surgery after the first oestrus 286
Technique 287
Complications of ovariohysterectomy 287
26.2 Ovariectomy of the Bitch 289
26.3 Orchidectomy (Castration) of the Dog 290
Indications 290
Timing 290
Technique 291
Complications of castration 291
26.4 Vasectomy 292
27: Pharmacological Control of Reproduction 293
27.1 Progestogens 293
Adverse effects of progestogens 293
Clinical use of progestogens in bitches 295
Clinical use of progestogens in dogs 297
27.2 Oestrogens 299
Adverse effects of oestrogens 299
Clinical use of oestrogens in the bitch 300
Clinical use of oestrogens in the dog 301
27.3 Androgens 302
Adverse effects of androgens 302
Clinical use of androgens in the bitch 302
Clinical use of androgens in the dog 303
27.4 Gonadotrophins 304
Adverse effects of gonadotrophins 304
Clinical use of gonadotrophins in the bitch 305
Clinical use of gonadotrophins in the dog 306
27.5 Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists 306
Adverse effects of GnRH agonists 307
Clinical use of GnRH agonists in the bitch 307
Clinical use of GnRH agonists in the dog 309
27.6 Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Antagonists 309
27.7 Prostaglandins 310
Adverse effects of prostaglandins 310
Clinical use of prostaglandins in the bitch 310
Clinical use of prostaglandins in the dog 311
27.8 Progesterone Antagonists 312
Adverse effects of progesterone antagonists 312
Clinical use of progesterone antagonists in the bitch 312
Clinical use of progesterone antagonists in the dog 313
27.9 Prolactin Inhibitors 313
Adverse effects of prolactin inhibitors 314
Clinical use of prolactin inhibitors in the bitch 315
Clinical use of prolactin inhibitors in the dog 316
27.10 Oxytocin and Ergot Preparations 316
Adverse effects of oxytocin 317
Clinical use of oxytocin in the bitch 317
Clinical use of oxytocin in the dog 318
27.11 Synthetic Anti-Androgens 319
Adverse effects of synthetic anti-androgens 319
Clinical use of synthetic anti-androgens in the bitch 319
Clinical use of synthetic anti-androgens in the dog 319
References 320
28: Reproductive Biotechnology 321
28.1 Artificial Insemination 321
Principles of artificial insemination 321
Pathogens that may be spread in dog semen 323
Semen preservation 323
Insemination 326
Insemination techniques 326
Success with artificial insemination 329
28.2 Enhancing Fertility in Males and Females with Reproductive Tract Disease 331
Embryo transfer 331
In vitro fertilization 331
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection and related techniques 332
28.3 Harvesting Gonadal Tissue 332
Salvage techniques in the bitch 332
Salvage techniques in the dog 332
28.4 Cloning 333
References 333
Index 335