Pocket Guide to Echocardiography (eBook)

Pocket Guide to ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 1
Contents 7
Foreword 9
Preface 11
Abbreviations 13
1 Comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination protocol 17
Parasternal long-axis view 17
RA/RV view 17
Parasternal short-axis view 17
Apical 4-chambers view 19
Apical 5-chambers view 19
Apical 2-chambers view 20
Apical 3-chambers view 20
Subcostal view 20
Suprasternal notch view 21
2 Indications, contraindications and endpoints of dobutamine and exercise stress echocardiography 22
Indications for DSE/ESE 22
Contraindications 22
Types of stress echo 23
3 Types of stress echocardiography and reading template 24
Additional information 24
4 Useful formulas and normal values 26
Useful formulas 26
Normal values 27
5 Guidelines for the safe use of echocardiography contrast 28
Contraindications 28
Clinical applications 28
6 Atrial and ventricular dimensions 29
LV Hypertrophy 29
RV Dilatation 29
LA Volume Index (LA volume/BSA) 30
7 Coronary artery disease 37
8 Left ventricular systolic function and left ventricular diastolic patterns 39
Left ventricular systolic function 39
Left ventricular diastolic patterns 39
9 Right ventricular systolic function and right ventricular diastolic patterns 43
Right ventricular diastolic patterns 43
Right ventricular systolic function 43
10 Dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies 46
Dilated cardiomyopathy 46
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 46
Restrictive cardiomyopathy 46
11 Pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis 47
Pericardial effusion 47
Cardiac tamponade 47
Constrictive pericarditis 47
12 Mitral stenosis 48
13 Mitral valvuloplasty score 49
14 Recommendations for data recording and measurement for mitral stenosis 50
15 Mitral regurgitation 52
16 Aortic regurgitation 54
17 Aortic stenosis 55
18 Recommendations for data recording and measurement for aortic stenosis 56
19 Resolution of apparent discrepancies in measures of aortic stenois severity 58
20 Pulmonic stenosis, pulmonic regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension 59
Pulmonic stenosis 59
Pulmonic Regurgitation 59
Pulmonary Hypertension 59
Estimation of RA pressure 60
21 Tricuspid regurgitation and tricuspid stenosis 61
Tricuspid regurgitation 61
Tricuspid stenosis 62
22 Infective endocarditis 63
Duke Criteria 63
When to perform TEE in patients suspected of infective endocarditis 63
23 ACC/ASE recommendations for echocardiography in ineffective endocarditis 64
24 Prosthetic valves 65
Bioprosthetic 65
Mechanical 65
25 Normal echocardiographic values for prosthetic valves 67
Prosthetic valves in the aortic position 67
Prosthetic valves in the mitral position 67
Annular rings in the mitral position 67
26 Congenital heart disease 69
VSD 69
ASD 69
27 Miscellaneous 70
28 Aortic diseases 71
Aortic atherosclerosis (Katz’s classification) 71
29 Indication for surgery in aortic diseases 72
The indications for surgery for thoracic aneurysm include 72
The indications for surgery for abdominal aneurysm include 72
30 Transthoracic echocardiographic and Doppler protocols for assessment of ventricular dyssynchrony 73
Two methods of diagnosing cardiac intraventricular dyssynchrony with tissue Doppler imaging 73
31 Indications, contraindications and complications of transesophageal echocardiographic examination 75
Indications for TEE 75
Contraindication 75
Complications 76
32 Routine approach to any transesophageal echocardiographic and recommended views for evaluation of aorta 77
Routine approach to any TEE view 77
Recommended tomographic views in TEE evaluation of the aorta 77
33 Terminology used to describe manipulation of the probe and transducer during image acquisition 78
34 Diagrams of standard transesophageal echocardiographic views 79
35 Transesophageal echocardiographic measurements 80
36 Transesophageal echocardiographic diagram of the regional blood supply to cardiac wall segments 83
37 Transesophageal echocardiographic orientation for assessment of the mitral valve 84
38 Diagrams of transesophageal echocardiographic views in the evaluation of the mitral valve 86
39 References and Recommended Literature 88
Supplement to pocket guide of echocardiography 91
Comprehensive TTE examination 93