Medical Physiology for Undergraduate Students

Preface vii

SECTION 1: GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY 1

1.1 Functional Organization, Composition and Internal Environment of Human Body 3

1.2 The Cell Physiology 9

1.3 Transport Through Cell Membrane 15

1.4 Membrane Potential 25

1.5 Genetics: An Overview 28

SECTION 2: NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY 43

2.1 The Nerve 45

2.2 Neuromuscular Junction 63

2.3 Skeletal Muscle 66

2.4 Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle 85

SECTION 3: BLOOD AND IMMUNE SYSTEM 93

3.1 Plasma and Plasma Proteins 95

3.2 Red Blood Cells and Anaemias 100

3.3 White Blood Cells 121

3.4 Immune Mechanisms 132

3.5 Platelets, Haemostasis and Blood Coagulation 149

3.6 Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion 165

SECTION 4: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 173

4.1 Functional Anatomy of Heart and Physiology of Cardiac Muscle 175

4.2 Origin and Spread of Cardiac Impulse and Electrocardiography 185

4.3 Heart as a Pump: Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Output and Venous Return 206

4.4 Dynamics of Circulation: Pressure and Flow of Blood and Lymph 225

4.5 Cardiovascular Regulation 249

4.6 Regional Circulation 265

4.7 Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Health and Disease 280

SECTION 5: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 291

5.1 Respiratory Tract: Structure and Functions 293

5.2 Pulmonary Ventilation 297

5.3 Pulmonary Circulation 312

5.4 Pulmonary Diffusion 316

5.5 Transport of Gases 325

5.6 Regulation of Respiration 335

5.7 Respiration: Applied Aspects 349

5.8 Physiology of Exercise 367

SECTION 6: EXCRETORY SYSTEM 375

6.1 Kidneys: Functional Anatomy and Blood Flow 377

6.2 Mechanism of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration and Tubular Transport 386

6.3 Concentration, Dilution and Acidification of Urine 402

6.4 Regulation of Body Fluid Osmolality, Composition and Volume 413

6.5 Physiology of Acid-Base Balance 421

6.6 Applied Renal Physiology Including Renal Function Tests 432

6.7 Physiology of Micturition 442

SECTION 7: GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 449

7.1 Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Functions of Gastrointestinal System 451

7.2 Physiological Activities in Mouth, Pharynx and Oesophagus 456

7.3 Physiological Activities in Stomach 464

7.4 Pancreas, Liver and Gall Bladder 481

7.5 Physiological Activities in Small Intestine 497

7.6 Physiological Activities in Large Intestine 503

7.7 Digestion and Absorption 510

SECTION 8: ENDOCRINAL SYSTEM 523

8.1 General Principles of Endocrinal System 525

8.2 Endocrinal Functions of Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 535

8.3 Thyroid Gland 551

8.4 Endocrinal Control of Calcium Metabolism and Bone Physiology 562

8.5 Adrenal Glands 581

8.6 Pancreatic and Gastrointestinal Hormones 601

8.7 Endocrinal Functions of Other Organs and Local Hormones 615

SECTION 9: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 621

9.1 Sexual Growth and Development 623

9.2 Male Reproductive Physiology 634

9.3 Female Reproductive Physiology 645

9.4 Physiology of Coitus, Pregnancy and Parturition 660

9.5 Physiology of Lactation 674

9.6 Physiology of Contraception 679

SECTION 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM 685

Subsection-10A: Physiological Anatomy and Functions of Nervous System

10.1 Physiological Anatomy, Functions and Lesions of Spinal Cord 689

10.2 Physiological Anatomy, Functions and Lesions of Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia 713

10.3 Physiological Anatomy, Functions and Lesions of Thalamus and Hypothalamus 734

10.4 Physiological Anatomy and Functions of Cerebral Cortex and White Matter of Cerebrum 747

10.5 Autonomic Nervous System 761

10.6 Meninges, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Blood-Brain Barrier and Cerebral Blood Flow 773

Subsection-10B: Neurophysiology

10.7 Synaptic Transmission 777

10.8 Somatosensory System 794

10.9 Somatic Motor System 816

10.10 Limbic System and Physiology of Emotional, Behavioural and Motivational Mechanisms 849

10.11 Reticular Formation, Electrical Activity of the Brain, and Alert Behaviour and Sleep 857

10.12 Some Higher Functions of Nervous System 872

SECTION 11: SPECIAL SENSES 885

11.1 Sense of Vision 887

11.2 Sense of Hearing 924

11.3 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 941

SECTION 12: SPECIALISED INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 951

12.1 Physiology of Body Temperature Regulation 953

12.2 Physiology of Growth and Behavioural Development 963

12.3 Physiology of Fetus, Neonate and Childhood 967

12.4 Geriatric Physiology 976

Index 983