Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Che micals and Psychoactive Plants

Dr. Donald G. Barceloux is presently a Staff Physician in the Department of Emergency Medicine at Pomona Valley Community Hospital. He is also a teacher at UCLA, an active consultant on medical toxicology, and a fellow at the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology, and the American College of Emergency Medicine. In addition, he has written an array of papers and co-authored a medical toxicology reference book.

FOREWORD xi PREFACE xiii CONTRIBUTORS xv REVIEW PANEL xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix PART 1 SYNTHETIC and SEMISYNTHETIC CHEMICALS 1 I Amphetamines and Phenethylamine Derivatives 3 1 Amphetamine and Methamphetamine 3 2 Methylphenidate 57 3 Prolintane 69 4 Propylhexedrine 72 II Club Drugs 77 5 Flunitrazepam 77 6 Gamma Hydroxybutyrate and Related Drugs 89 7 Ketamine 110 8 Methcathinone, Mephedrone, and Methylone 120 9 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy, MDMA) 126 Nicholas A. Buckley, MD 10 Psychoactive Phenethylamine, Piperazine, and Pyrrolidinophenone Derivatives 156 Brandon Wills, DO, MS, Timothy Erickson, MD 11 Tryptamine Designer Drugs 193 III Eating Disorders and Appetite Suppressants 200 12 Diuretics, Ipecac, and Laxatives 200 Cyrus Rangan, MD 13 Noradrenergic Agents 233 Cyrus Rangan, MD 14 Serotoninergic and Mixed Agents 255 IV Ergogenic Agents and Supplements 275 15 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids 275 16 Clenbuterol and Salbutamol (Albuterol) 295 James Rhee, MD, Timothy Erickson, MD 17 Erythropoietin Stimulation and Other Blood Doping Methods 306 James Rhee, MD, Timothy Erickson, MD 18 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin 326 19 Human Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 334 20 Nutritional Supplements 351 V Ethanol 365 21 Ethanol 365 VI Lysergic Acid Diethylamide 452 22 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) 452 VII Older Sedative Hypnotic Drugs 467 23 Barbiturates (Amobarbital, Butalbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital) 467 24 Ethchlorvynol 486 25 Glutethimide 491 26 Meprobamate 497 27 Methaqualone and Related Compounds 504 VIII Opioids 514 28 Buprenorphine 514 29 Dextromethorphan 527 30 Fentanyl Analogues 539 31 Heroin and the Opium Poppy Plant ( Papaver somniferum L.) 546 32 Methadone 579 33 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) 603 IX Phencyclidine 608 34 Phencyclidine and Phencyclidine Analogues 608 X Volatile Substances of Abuse 633 35 Volatile Substance Abuse 633 A Anesthetics 642 36 Chloroform 642 37 Ethers 647 38 Halogenated Ethers (Enflurane, Isoflurane, Methoxyflurane, Sevoflurane) 653 39 Halothane 664 40 Nitrous Oxide 670 B Fluorinated Alkanes 676 41 Fluorinated Alkanes 676 C Industrial Hydrocarbons 684 42 Butane, Isobutane, and Propane 684 43 Ethyl Chloride 691 44 Gasoline 695 45 n -Hexane 702 46 Methanol 709 47 Naphthalene and para -Dichlorobenzene (Mothballs) 716 48 Toluene 725 49 Trichloroethane 737 50 Trichloroethylene 743 D Nitrogen Compounds 751 51 Amyl and Butyl Nitrites 751 PART 2 PSYCHOACTIVE PLANTS 759 52 Absinthe 761 53 Ayahuasca, Harmala Alkaloids, and Dimethyltryptamines 768 54 Betel Quid and Areca Nut 781 55 Caffeine 788 56 Cocaine 805 57 Ibogaine ( Tabernanthe iboga Baill.) 867 58 Khat ( Catha edulis (Vahl) Forsskal ex Endl.) and Cathinone 873 59 Kratom [ Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.] 880 60 Marijuana ( Cannabis sativa L.) and Synthetic Cannabinoids 886 61 Mate Tea ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) 932 62 Morning Glory Family (Convolvulaceae) 938 63 Peyote [ Lophophora williamsii (Lem. Ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.] and Mescaline 944 64 Psilocybin and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms 950 65 Salvia divinorum Epling & Jativa and Salvinorin A 961 66 Tobacco, Nicotine, and Pituri 968 INDEX 993